Hormone Interactions, Major Endocrine Organs, Thyroid hormones, Thyroid gland,

what is antagonism

when hormones counteract eachother

what is an example of antagonist hormones

insulin and glucagon

what is an example of permissiveness

thyroid hormone and epinephrine

what is permissiveness

when one hormone requires another hormone to work

what is synergism

when multiple hormones produce the same effect, causing amplification

what is an example of synergism

glucagon and epinephrine both cause the liver to release glucose

antagonism

oppose

permissiveness

one helps another work

synergism

together; stronger

which glands are listed as the major endocrine glands?

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

which organs have both exocrine and endocrine functions

pancreas, gonads, and placenta

what is special about the hypothalamus

neuroendocrine organ

what other tissues produce hormones

adipose cells and cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart

where is the hypothalamus located relative to the pituitary

superior and posterior to the pituitary

what are the 3 ways the hypothalamus controls endocrine function

links nervoud and endocrine systems, produces hormones that control the pituitary gland, produces oxytocin and ADH, which are stored in posterior pituitary

how does the hypothalamus link nervous and endocrine systems

it oversees the ANS, helping stimulate the adrenal medulla through sympathetic innervation

what are releasing hormones (RH)

hypothalamic hormones that directly influence anterior pituitary hormone secretion

what are inhibiting hormones (IH)

hypothalamic hormones that inhibit/control anterior pituitary hormone secretion

which 2 hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stoed in posterior pituitary

oxytocin and antidieuretic hormone (ADH)

what does oxytocin do

stimulates uterine contractions

what does ADH do

increases kidney water retention

hypothalamus makes _____

hormones

posterior pituitary ________-

stores and releases hormones

what is the approximate size of the pituitary gland

pea-sized

where does the pituitary gland sit

in stella turcia

what connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

infundibulum

what are the 2 lobes of pituitary gland

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posteiror pituitary (neurohypophysis

what tissue makes up anterior pituitary

glandular epithelial tissue

what controls anterior pituitary

hypothalamus, through releasing and inhibitng hormones

how many major hormones are listed for the anterior pituitary in his lecture

6

what does growth hormone (Gh) do

promotes cell division of body cells, especially muscle and bone

what does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do

stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones

what does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do

in females- follicle developmen and estogen secretion. in males- sperm maturation

what does lutenizing hormone (LH) do

in females: ovulation, meles: testosterone production

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH do

stimulates adrenal glands to produce hormones

what does polactin do

stimulates milk production in mammary tissue.

what type of tissue is posterior pituitary

nervous tiessue continous withing the hypothalamus

what does the posterior pituitary do

storres and releases oxytocin and AHD made by hypothalamus

where is the thyroid located

around trachea

what connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid

isthmus

what structrues make up most of the thyroid

follicles- fluid filled spheres lined with cuboidal cells

waht are 2 thyroid hormones

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronone (T#)

which thyroid cells release T3 and T4

follicular cells

what do T3 and T4 do

increase cell metabolism throughout body

what element is required to make thyroid hormones

iodine

how much iodine is present in each thyroid hormone molecule

T3 has 3 iodine atoms and T4 has 4

what is calcitonin

a hormone released by parafollicular cells that decreases blood calcium levels and stimulates bone formation

where are parfollicular cells located

between thyroid follicles

T3

3 iodines

T4

4 iodines

what hormone initiates thyroid hormone synthesis

TSH

what does TSH bind to

a receptor on/in thyroid follicular cells

what does TSH stimulate the follicular cells to produce

thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, and the Na+/I- symporter

what is iodine trapping

active transport of iodine into thyroid follicular cells

what happens during oxidation

iodide is converted into iodine

what enzyme is involved in oxidation and iodination

thyroid peroxidase

what happens during iodination

iodine binds to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin

what are MIT and DIT

monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), formed when iodine attatches to tyrosine residues

what are the final two steps of thyroid hormone synthesis listed in the lecture

coupling, followed by endocytosis and release