Medical Terminology - Exam 2

Units 4-6

the prefixes ec- and ex- mean:

out, off, from, beyond

choose the root that means “chest”

thorac, thorax

choose the root that means "shallow groove"

fossa

the root trochlea means:

piece of bone that acts as a pulley

choose the root that means "bone of spinal column"

vertebra

choose the root that means "dislocation"

luxation

pick the roots that mean "bone"

os, osse, ost, osteo

pick the roots that mean "muscle"

muscul/o, my/o/s

the roots tars/o or tarsus mean:

ankle

choose the root that means "hips; lower abdomen"

pelvis

this suffix means "present in blood, indicating disease"

-emia

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

which of the following abbreviations denotes a collateral ligament?

LCL

which abbreviation describes a therapeutic modality?

PT

surgical modification of cartilage

chondro-plasty

cutting into a bursa

burso-tomy

moving a limb or body part toward the midline

ad-duct-ion

a bag of synovial fluid that cushions a ligament or tendon that would otherwise rub against a bone

bursa

moving a limb or body part away from the midline

ab-duct-ion

occurring inside of cartilage (refers to a type of bone development)

endo-chondr-al

neurons are cells that are part of:

the nervous system

the brain and spinal cord make up:

the central nervous system

the nerves throughout the body make up:

the peripheral nervous system

the peripheral nervous system can:

provide sensory information for the central nervous system

the central nervous system can:

process information from the peripheral nervous system and execute motor response or regulate body mechanisms

the hindbrain includes:

the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

the medulla controls:

the regulation of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

the pons control:

coordinating signals from the hindbrain to the rest of the brain

the cerebellum controls:

balance and movement coordination

the midbrain controls:

alertness, the sleep/wake cycle, and motor activity

the medulla, pons, and midbrain make up the:

brainstem

the forebrain includes:

the cerebrum

the cerebrum has how many hemispheres?

2

the cerebrum controls:

speech, thinking, reasoning, sensing, emotions

the cerebrum includes:

the thalamus and hypothalamus

the thalamus controls:

sensory and motor information

the hypothalamus controls:

the endocrine system

the peripheral nervous system can be divided into:

- somatic nervous system  - autonomic nervous system

the somatic nervous system controls:

motor functions of skeletal muscle including voluntary actions and somatic reflexes

the autonomic nervous system controls:

gastrointestinal, excretory, endocrine, smooth, and cardiac muscle regions, as well as autonomic reflexes

the autonomic nervous system can be divided into:

- sympathetic nervous system  - parasympathetic nervous system

the sympathetic nervous system controls:

your fight or flight response (increased HR, BR, slow digestion)

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

“rest and digest” (decreased HR, active digestion)

what are the two types of cells of the nervous system that make up nervous tissue?

neurons and glia

in general, signals to nerve cells are received in the:

dendrites

what part of a neuron houses the nucleus and most organelles?

cell body

where is a signal carried away to another cell?

axon

the junction area where a neuron will be communicating with another cell is the:

synapse

what is the plural for glial cells

glia

"glia" comes from a greek word meaning:

glue

the function of the myelin sheath is to:

insulate the axon in the transferring of a signal

the function of glial cells is to:

prevent substances in the body from getting into the nervous system by maintaining the blood brain barrier

the function of glial cells is to:

maintain a proper chemical balance in the space between cells

the function of glial cells is to:

make myelin which goes around the axons of neurons

the function of glial cells is to:

produce cerebral spinal fluid, protecting the brain and promoting homeostasis

the function of glial cells is to:

provide immune support

about how fast is a nerve impulse conducted along the axon?

2 milliseconds (2/1000 sec; 0.002 sec)

what is resting potential?

when there is no signal being carried along the axon of a neuron

what is the estimated charge of the resting potential of a neuron?

-70 MV (millivolts)

what two ions play big roles in keeping the resting potential of a neuron?

Na+ (Sodium) and K+ (Potassium)

at rest, which ion is generally higher in concentration outside of the cell?

Na+ (Sodium)

at rest, which ion is generally higher in concentration inside of the cell?

K+ (Potassium)

what does an axon potential do?

rapidly changes the charge in the neuron as the signal is carried from one end to the other, causing depolarization

what is depolarization?

during an axon potential, Na⁺ channels open → Na⁺ rushes in → inside becomes positive → triggers next region → Old region resets as K⁺ leaves, restoring negative charge

if neurons are myelinated (meaning they have myelin sheaths that insulate the axon and assist with the transfer of the signal), the action potential can:

jump from node to node

nodes of ranvier

areas where the axon is not myelinated

what does it mean that an action potential is “all-or-none”?

once the threshold is reached, the action potential happens fully or not at all (like an on/off switch)

where are neurotransmitters released?

the synapse

synaptic vesicles release:

neurotransmitters

what is the synaptic cleft?

the small space in between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and bind to receptors

when a neuron uses an electrical change to rapidly send a signal, it is called a/an:

action potential

neuropathology, neurosurgery, and neuropharmacology are all subsets of:

neurology