General Zoology: B 150 Study Guide

A collection of flashcards covering key concepts and terms from Chapters 3 and 4 in Zoology.

What is diffusion?

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Define osmosis.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is facilitated diffusion?

The process of passive transport of molecules across a membrane via specific transmembrane proteins.

What is endocytosis?

The process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment.

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.

Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells; Meiosis results in four genetically diverse gametes.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death.

What is kinetic energy?

The energy of motion.

What is potential energy?

The energy stored in an object due to its position.

Define free energy.

The energy in a system that can be used to do work.

What are exergonic reactions?

Reactions that release energy.

What are endergonic reactions?

Reactions that absorb energy.

What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.

What is activation energy?

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

What is an active site?

The region on an enzyme where substrate molecules bind.

Define substrate in the context of enzyme activity.

The reactant molecule that enzymes act upon.

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

The temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate.

Differentiate between oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate.

Phases of endocytosis

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-meditated endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Receptor meditated

Transport of large molecules

What is hydrolysis?

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

What is condensation?

The process where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the loss of water.

How does activation energy change in the presence of enzymes?

Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

What is aerobic metabolism?

Metabolism that requires oxygen.

What is anaerobic metabolism?

Metabolism that occurs without oxygen.

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

To break down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

What products are formed in the Krebs Cycle?

ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

How is pyruvic acid formed?

Through the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis.

What is another name for the Krebs Cycle?

Citric Acid Cycle.

How many ATPs are generated during oxidative phosphorylation?

Approximately 28-30 ATPs.

What are two types of fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.