AP Psych Unit 5 New CED

Distress

unpleasant, little control

Eustress

challenging, out of your comfort zone, but can lead to growth

sources of stress

daily hassles, traumatic events, adverse childhood experiences

Biological perspective on stress

stress is simply activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Psychodynamic perspective on stress

Stress is turmoil in the unconscious that might hsow as something else.

evolutionary perspective on stress

Stress is the result having evolved for a different environment.

Sociocultural perspective on stress

stress comes from not matching societies roles and expectations

Humanistic perspective on stress

stress arises when obstacles block us from growing and becoming

Cognitive perspective on stress

stress is the reaction of having disruptive and unpleasant thoughts

behavioral perspective on stress

stress is the inability to obtain positive or negative reinforcement

Daily hassles

these are more than addittive. They are multiplicative. Constant noise, physical discomfort, and financial uncertainty can pile up.

traumatic events

anything can be traumatic. it often depends on cognitive appraisal, personality traits, coping mechanisms, and resources

adverse childhood experiences

children are vulnerable and require care and support in so many ways. When that care is not given or even denied, it can affect the person's development throughout their life.

3 stages of gas theory

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Hans Syle

established gas theory

What physiological changes occur during the alarm stage

Anxiety, Amygdale, Adrenaline. Fight or flight activation of the sympathetic nervous system

What occurs during the resistance stage?

An extended period of "I can handle it." Excess adrenaline in the body

What occurs during the exhaustion stage?

The Body and mind have limited resources, they cannot fight stress, the stress response and infection forever.

Problem-focused coping

involves seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working solutions until a solution is found. Outward focused. might be considered "long term"

Emotion-focused coping

Strategies that are emotion-focused may include mediation, or taking medication aimed at reducing stressful emotional responses. Inward focused, this is necessary and good

Subjective happiness

based on or influenced by personal feelings, interpretations or prejudices

objective happiness

impartial or uninfluenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudices.

Well-being

a state of happiness and contentment with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality of life.

resilience

the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, threats, or significant sources of stress

gratitude

appreciating what an individual receives, whether tangible or intangible

Altruism

unselfish regard for someone else's welfare

awe

feeling when in the presence of something that challenges our understanding of the world

bridging differences

embracing a diversity of backgrounds

compassion

feeling that arises when you are confronted with someone else's suffering and you feel motivated to relieve it.

diversity

involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds

empathy

the ability to sense someone else's pain

forgiveness

conscious decision to release feeling of resentment

gratitude

appreciation of what one has both tangible and intangible

social connection

feeling that you belong to a group and feel close to those in that group

intellectual humility

degree to which one recognizes their beliefs might be wrong

mindfulness

moment by moment awareness of our thoughts, feeling and environment

What are the benefits of doing good?

social belonging, prosocial behavior

What are the benefits of feeling good?

improves health, positive affect, social well-being, emotional well-being

WHat are the 3 d's of mental disorders

deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

deviant

not typical of one's society's normal behavior

distressful

worrisome, causing anxiety

dysfunctional

impairment or disturbance in behavior

DSM5

Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders 5th edition

DSM classifications of disorders

Neurodevelopmental, depressive, anxiety, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic, bipolar and related, trauma and stressor-related, dissociative, feeding and eating, sleep-wake disorders

ICD

International classification of Mental Disorders

Positive consequences of labeling disorders

individuals can experience relief knowing their group of symptoms has a name, helps guide individuals toward appropriate course of treatment, simplifies communication with a common language

negative consequences of labeling disorders

negative attitude toward self, including shame, reduced hope and self-esteem, self-limiting beliefs, may accept the role and outlook

Individualistic cultural differences

more likely to see mental health issues as a normal way of life. More likely to seek help

Collectivist cutural differences

seen as sign of weakness. Seen as an outcast. less likely to seek help

Prejudice

negative feeling or belief about a person or group of people, usually unjustified.

Discrimination

negative treatment of an individual or group of individuals.

Behavioral approach to disorders

focus on maladaptive learned associations between or among responses to stimuli. Positive and negative reeinforcement.

Psychodynamic approach to disorders

focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood. Conflicts exist between id, ego, and superego.

Humanistic approach to disorders

focus on lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one's fullest potetntial.

Cognitive approach to disorders

focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes or emotions; irrational fears can lead to irrational behaviors. Maladaptive thoughts and rumination can lead to cycle of depression

evolutionary approach to disorders

focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival. Fears can be adaptive and aid in survival such a fears of the dark or dangerous animals. Fears can also reduce the chances of reproduction such as fears of rejection

Sociocultural approach to disorders

focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics. Not meeting standards can lead to depression and low self-esteem.

Biological approach to disorders

focus on physiological or genetic issues. oversupply or undersupply of specific neurotransmitter can lead to disordered behavior

Eclectic

Most psychologist do no ascibe to one approach. When diagnosing they use many factors instead of one.

anxiety disorders

a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors.

social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic.

specific phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

trauma- and stressor-related disorders

a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress.

depressive disorders

a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person's ability to function

bipolar disorders

a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

Bipolar I Disorder

the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer.

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

Bipolar II Disorder

a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in teh absence of drug use or medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

persistent depressive disorder

a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least two years. (Formerly dysthymia).

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression); includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder.

psychotic disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perception, and a loss of contact with reality. Schizophrenia is the cheif example of this type of disorder

delusion

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorder

chronic schizophrenia

(aka process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. as people age, pscyhotic episoders last longer and recovery periods shorten.

acute schizophrenia

(aka reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely

dissociative disorders

a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)

dissociative amnesia

a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history.

personality disorders

a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone's cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

feeding and eating disorders

a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning. (Feeding disorders typically occur in infants and young children, whereas eating disorders affect people who self-feed.)

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

neurodevelopmental disorders

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Deinstitutionalization

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities.

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's physiology

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight