Imperialism

Imperialism

Expansion of a nation's power through colonization or influence over other countries.

Economic Motivations

Need for natural resources, expanding trade markets, and investment opportunities.

Natural Resources

Materials like oil, rubber, coal, wood, diamonds, and gold needed for industrial growth.

Political Motivations

Desire for military/naval bases, global prestige, and more land for power.

Nationalism

Belief that one's country is superior and deserves more influence and territory.

Social Motivations

Outlet for population overflow, calming class conflict, and spreading cultural values.

White Man's Burden

The belief that Europeans had a duty to "civilize" non-European people.

Scramble for Africa

The European race to colonize Africa, leading to resource exploitation and conflicts.

Impact of the Scramble for Africa

Civil conflict, the Berlin Conference, and the deaths of millions of Africans.

Egypt (British Control)

To control the Suez Canal, which connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean and secured access to India.

South Africa (British Control)

Displacement of black Africans and Afrikaners, deaths in concentration camps, and the Boer War.

Congo (Belgian Control)

King Leopold exploited rubber resources, resulting in the deaths of at least 10 million Congolese.

West Africa (British & French Control)

Britain spread Christianity and disrupted local systems; France invaded and displaced indigenous people.

Túpac Amaru II Rebellion (Peru)

It was a major indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule in South America.

1857 Sepoy Rebellion (india)

Indian soldiers (sepoys) revolted against British rule due to cultural and political grievances.

Zulu Kingdom

They fought fiercely against British and Boer expansion in Southern Africa.

Social Darwinism

Application of "survival of the fittest" to justify European dominance.

Scramble for Africa

European powers' race to colonize and control African territories.

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

Meeting where European nations divided Africa without African input.

Boer War (South Africa)

Conflict between British and Dutch settlers (Boers), displacing many Africans.

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of an indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonial rule.

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement

A tragic resistance where Xhosa people killed their livestock to drive out colonizers.

Industrial Revolution

Period of technological advances leading to increased demand for raw materials.

Railroads (India/Africa)

Improved transportation for moving resources and controlling colonies.

Steamships

Revolutionized global trade and military movement.

Cash Crop

Crops grown for sale/export rather than local consumption (cotton, rubber, palm oil).

Monoculture

Growing a single crop in a region, often leading to soil depletion and economic dependence.

Cotton (Egypt)

Exported to fuel British textile industries, impacting local food production.

Rubber (Amazon/Congo)

Harsh exploitation of labor for rubber extraction.

Palm Oil (West Africa)

Used for industrial lubricants, displacing local agricultural systems.

Diamonds (South Africa)

Led to resource exploitation and harsh working conditions.

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist who pushed for British control in Southern Africa.

Economic Imperialism

Control of a country's economy by businesses from a different nation.

East India Company (EIC)

British company that controlled trade and territory in India.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Dutch company dominating Indonesian trade and colonies.

Culture System (Indonesia)

Forced labor system where Indonesians grew cash crops for Dutch export.

Opium

Addictive drug Britain sold in China to balance trade deficits.

Treaty of Nanking (1842)

Ended the first Opium War, giving Britain control of Hong Kong.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in China where foreign nations controlled trade and investment.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy allowing equal trading rights in China for all foreign powers.

Push Factors

Conditions driving people to leave their homeland (famine, conflict, poverty).

Pull Factors

Attractions drawing people to a new area (jobs, political freedom, better living conditions).

Ethnic Enclaves

Communities of immigrants maintaining cultural traditions in a new country.

Indentured Servitude

System where laborers worked for a set time in exchange for passage to a new land.

Industrial Capitalism

Economic system driving the need for raw materials and global markets.

Standard of Living

Improved for some due to industrialization but worsened for exploited colonies.

Revolutions/Rebellions

Anti-colonial and nationalist movements shaping new nation-states.

Global Migration

Movement of people worldwide due to imperialism and economic opportunities.

India (British)

• Motivation: Economic gain, trade dominance, strategic value

• Control: British East India Company, military force, direct colonial rule

• Impact: Resource exploitation, cultural changes, infrastructure, nationalism

Spice islands (Dutch)

• Motivation: Control over valuable spices, economic gain

• Control: Dutch East India Company (VOC), military, monopolies

• Impact: Labor exploitation, cultural suppression, resistance

Malaya/Singapore (Britian)

• Motivation: Tin, rubber industries, strategic trade position

• Control: British administration, economic control

• Impact: Export-driven economy, urbanization, cultural diversity

Indochina (France)

• Motivation: Raw materials (rice, rubber), strategic importance

• Control: French military occupation, direct colonial rule

• Impact: Forced labor, resource exploitation, cultural influence, resistance