Religion Test

Test Date: 01.31.2023

How did John Wycliff and Jan Hus anticipate Protestantism?

They believed that the Church should only be concerned with the Scriptures and Christian teachings. They wanted to distance the people from needing the Pope or bishops. Much like Protestants today, they believe that the Bible is final authority.

Orthodox Church

East

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the West

Pope

Leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople

The Patriarch

When did The Great Eastern Schism occur?

1054

Which two people excommunicated each other from their churches?

Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagorus I

What did the Byzantine Church think about the Pope’s authority?

They believed that his authority over the whole Church took control away from the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Where was the Roman Catholic Church

West

Causes of the Great Schism

\-Language

\-Church Authority

\-Divorce

\-The Icon Controversy

Language

West: Latin | East: Greek

Church Authority

East: Bible was final authority | West: Pope’s interpretation

Divorce

East: allows | West: banned

Priests Right to Marry

East: could marry | West: could not

The Icon Controversy

Emperor Leo III (the Isaurian) banned use of
icons

Called it idol worship

Ionoclasts

those who opposed the use of icons
and saw the practice as idolatry

Iconophiles/Iconodules

those who supported
the use of icons and did not see it as idolatry

The Avignon Papacy

When the Pope abandoned Rome and resided in France

Black Death

\-Killed 1/3 of the European population

\-Occurred in 1347

\-Resulted in a lot of clergy members death & that caused non qualified clergymen to take the spot

What else caused the Great Schism?

Pope Leo III’s crowning of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor of the West looked like an act of offense to the emperor of the East

Sicily

Even though Sicily is in West Italy, they were considered Eastern Orthodox until The Normans (West) captured Italy and all the Patriarch (East) could not regain control. Thus making Sicily now part of the Western church

Western Church (Roman Catholic)

\-Rome

\-Pope has authority over bishops

\-Farther from seat of power when Constantinople became the capital

\-Spoke Latin

\-Pope had authority over Kings & emperors

\-Priests can’t marry

\-Divorce is not allowed

Eastern Church (Eastern Orthodox)

\-Constantinople

\-Patriarch & bishops share authority

\-Close to seat of power after Constantinople became the capital

\-Spoke Greek

\-Emperor ruled over Patriarch & Bishops

\-Priests CAN marry

\-Divorce is allowed sometimes

What two trade routes allowed for increased contact?

Baltic Sea & Black Sea

What did Thomas a Kempis write?

The Invitation of Christ

First Crusade

\-Launched by Pope Urban II because he turned to native France people to recruit soldiers

\-Crusaders killed Jews & Muslims

\-Byzantine Empire gained territory from Turks

\-SUCCESSFUL bc they gained the Holy Land

Godfrey of Bouillon

\-Leader of the First Crusade

\-Elected head of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

Second Crusade

\-Launched after Muslims regain territory that were captured by Christians in the First Crusade

\-UNSUCCESSFUL

\-Christians lost Jerusalem again and everything else gained in the First Crusade

Third Crusade

\-Launched by the King of England, France, and Germany

\-SEMI SUCCESSFUL

\-Could not gain Jerusalem back but gained the right to let Christians visit the city

Fourth Crusade

\-Launched in 1204 because of concerns about Muslim influence in the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

\-The Crusaders seeked financial support from the former Byzantine emperor

\-They tore through the walls of Constantinople & destroyed the city

St. Catherine of Siena

Mystic that convinced Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome

The Great WESTERN Schism

\-The Romans wanted an Italian pope so Pope Urban VI was elected in 1378.

\-He wanted to reform the church and bring the papal seat back to Rome after the Avignon papacy

\- Urban was verbally abusive & threathening so there wasn’t much change

\-As a result, they elected Pope Clement VII, who was related to King Charles V and would reside in Avignon -now there are two popes

Hundred Years War

\-Started 41 years before the Great Western Schism and ended 36 years after

\-Caused by the throne dispute between Edward III & Philip VI

\-Edward had the birthright to the French throne but his title was given to a distant French relative (Philip)

\-This started the War bc England & France had been enemies for a while

England’s Victories in the Hundred Years War

\-Won battles at Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt

\-Formed an alliance with the Burgundians

\-Led by Edward III and his son

France’s Victories in the Hundred Years War

\-France wins the war in 1453

\-Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc

\-Commands a French army with high spirits

\-Believes she was chosen by God

\-Dressed like a man

\-Burned at the stake bc they thought she was a witch

Evangelization of Eastern Europe & Russia

\-Expanded through the Black & Baltic Sea

\-St. Methodius & St. Cyril were the most successful missionaries

\-Princess Olga visits Constantinople and converts it to Christianity

\-Her grandson Vladmir observed religions and decided Eastern Orthodoxy was the best for Kiev

Mongols in Russia

The Mongols invaded Kiev and destroyed it.

They proceeded to rule all of Southern Russia but were eventually overthrown

Influence of the Byzantine Empire on Russia and Eastern Europe

Church architecture and religious art

Adoption of Greek alphabet to Slavic languages by St.Cyril

Trade routes between the Black & Baltic Sea

Adoption of Orthodox Christianity

Eastern European History

The Filioque Controversy-The East didn’t agree with the West’s decision to add filioque (and son) into the nicene creed

What council said the use of icons were permissible?

Second Council of Nicea