History of Nursing and Professional Practice Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards generated from the History of Nursing lecture covering historical periods, notable figures, nursing roles, educational programs, bioethical issues, professional crimes, and legal consent.

Intuitive Period

The period of nursing history spanning prehistoric times to the Early Christian Era, characterized by care performed out of intuition, compassion, and a desire to help, primarily administered by women.

Nomads

People who travel from one place to another, operating under the motto 'Best for the most' and relying on survival of the fittest.

Shaman

Individuals during the Intuitive Period who acted as doctors and used white magic to counteract black magic.

Trephining

The procedure of drilling the skull during ancient times to treat psychotic patients, who were believed to be possessed by evil spirits.

Code of Hammurabi

The 1st recording on medical practice, established by the Babylonians, which set medical fees, discouraged experimentation, specified doctors for diseases, and gave patients treatment choices.

Art of Embalming

The Egyptian practice of mummification involving the removal of internal organs and instillation of herbs and salt, used to enhance knowledge of human anatomy without gaining philosophical understanding.

"The 250 Diseases"

Documentation compiled by ancient Egyptians containing records about 250 diseases and their respective treatments.

Moses

Referred to as the Father of Sanitation, who authored Leviticus and taught the values of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity.

Leviticus

The 3rd book of the Old Testament containing laws controlling communicable diseases, cleanliness, food preparation, purification, and the ritual of circumcision on the 8th day after birth.

Mosaic Law

A system of laws created to keep Hebrews pure so they could enter the sanctuary without affronting God, serving health and hygienic survival functions.

Materia Medica

An ancient Chinese text indicating pharmacologic drugs used for medical treatment.

Sushuruto

An ancient Indian text containing the 1st recording on nursing practice.

Aesculapus

The Father of Medicine in Greek mythology.

Hippocrates

The Father of Modern Medicine, who was the first to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits, introduced physical assessment, and practiced medical ethics.

Caduceus

The insignia of medicine, composed of a traveler's staff intertwined with two serpents (symbolizing Aesculapus and his healing power) and topped with two wings of Hermes for speed.

Fabiola

A Roman woman converted to Christianity who transformed her home into a hospital and used her wealth to care for the sick, establishing the 1st hospital in the Christian world.

Apprentice Period

The period of nursing history (11th century to 1836) consisting of on-the-job training, where care was performed by beginners directed by more experienced nurses.

Knights of St. John of Jerusalem

Also called 'Knights of the Hospitalers', an Italian military religious order established to give care during the Crusades.

Teutonic Knights

A German military religious order that fought in the Holy Land, cared for injured soldiers, and established military camp hospitals.

Knights of St. Lazarus

A military religious order established to care for individuals suffering from leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases.

Alexian Brothers

A monastic order founded in 1348 that established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing in the US, the largest nursing school exclusively for men under religious auspices until its closing in 1969.

St. Vincent de Paul

Organizer of 'La Charité' and the 'Community of Sisters of Charity', who founded the Sisters of Charity School of Nursing in Paris, France.

Louise de Gras

The 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity.

St. Elizabeth of Hungary

A princess and patroness of nursing who dedicated her life to feeding thousands of hungry people and caring for the sick.

St. Catherine of Siena

Known as 'Little Saint' and the '1st Lady with a Lamp', who began caring for the sick at 7 years old.

Dark Period of Nursing

The period from the 17th to 19th century (Reformation through the American Civil War) when hospitals were closed and nursing duties fell to uneducated, harsh, or criminal individuals.

Theodore Fliedner

A pastor who reconstituted the Deaconesses and established the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany in 1836.

Educative Period

The period beginning June 15, 1860, with the opening of the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas Hospital in London, marking the start of formal nursing education.

Florence Nightingale

The Mother of Modern Nursing, known as the 'Lady with the Lamp', who reduced war casualties from 42% to 2% through sanitation techniques during the Crimean War and authored 'Notes on Nursing'.

Linda Richards

The first graduate nurse in the United States, graduating on September 1, 1873.

Contemporary Period

The period of nursing from World War II to the present, characterized by university-based education, technological advances, health legislation, and expanded nursing roles.

Clara Barton

A schoolteacher who organized nursing services as a volunteer during the American Civil War and established the American Red Cross.

Lillian Wald

The founder of Public Health Nursing, who alongside Mary Brewster provided nursing services to the poor in the New York slums.

Herbolarios

Herb doctors in early Philippine history who treated illness using plants and herbs.

Herbicheros

Herbmen in early Philippine history who practiced witchcraft.

Hospital Real de Manila

The 1st hospital established in the Philippines in 1577 by Gov. Francisco de Sande to care for Spanish soldiers.

San Lazaro Hospital

A hospital established in the Philippines in 1578 by Fray Juan Clemente specifically for lepers, named after the Knights of St. Lazarus.

Doña Hilaria de Aguinaldo

First wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, who established the Philippine Red Cross on February 17, 1899.

Anastacia Giron Tupaz

Founder of the Filipino Nurses Association (October 15, 1922), 1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH, and 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the Philippines.

Cesaria Tan

The 1st Filipino nurse to receive a Masteral Degree in Nursing abroad.

Socorro Diaz

The 1st editor of the PNA magazine originally titled 'The Message'.

Conchita Ruiz

The full-time editor of the PNA magazine under its updated title, 'The Filipino Nurse'.

Nursing (as an art)

The dynamic skills and methods involved in assisting sick and well individuals in their recovery, health promotion, and health maintenance.

Nursing (as a science)

The body of scientific knowledge and skills used to diagnose and treat human responses to actual or potential health problems.

Virginia Henderson's Definition of Nursing

Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of activities contributing to health, recovery, or a peaceful death that they would perform unaided given necessary strength, will, or knowledge.

Nurse

Derived from a Latin word meaning 'to nourish' or 'to cherish', defined as an essential health team member who cares for, instructs, and advises individuals, families, and communities in disease prevention and health promotion.

Patient

Derived from a Latin word meaning 'to suffer' or 'to bear', defined as an individual in a state of physical, mental, or emotional imbalance undergoing or awaiting care.

Licensed Vocational Nursing Program (LVN/LPN)

A 9 to 12-month program provided by community colleges or vocational schools that prepares students to deliver basic direct technical care under RN supervision.

Associate Degree Nursing (ADN)

A 2-year community college nursing program introduced in the 1950s that prepares technical or bedside nurses.

Baccalaureate Degree Program (BSN)

A 4 to 5-year college or university degree program offering coursework in liberal arts, sciences, humanities, and nursing theory and practice.

Nurse Client Advocate

A role in which the nurse acts to protect the client, represent their needs and wishes to other health professionals, and assist them in speaking up for themselves.

Nurse Case Manager

A role in which the nurse works with a multidisciplinary healthcare team to oversee a specific caseload, measure outcomes, and maintain client-centered care while controlling costs.

Do Not Resuscitate Order (DNR)

A physician's order directing that no effort be made to resuscitate a patient in terminal or irreversible condition during respiratory or cardiac arrest.

Euthanasia

The act of painlessly putting to death individuals suffering from an incurable or distressing disease, commonly referred to as 'mercy killing'.

Felony

A serious crime committed in violation of public law, punishable by fine or imprisonment (e.g., murder).

Misdemeanor

A less serious crime or offense in violation of public law (e.g., negligence).

Tort

A civil wrong committed against a person or their property, categorized as either intentional or unintentional.

Negligence

Doing something that a reasonably prudent person would not do, or failing to do something a reasonably prudent person would do, under similar circumstances.

Respondeat Superior

A legal doctrine meaning 'let the superior answer', holding an employer or principal responsible for the actions of their employee or agent.

Res Ipsa Loquitur

A legal theory meaning 'the thing speaks for itself', where the presence of evidence or harm clearly indicates negligence.

Force Majeure

An irresistible or superior force resulting from an event that human prudence can neither foresee nor prevent.

Malpractice

Professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill, or failure to follow a reasonable professional standard of care, resulting in injury to a patient.

Invasion of Privacy

A violation of an individual's right to withhold themselves, their life, and personal information from public scrutiny.

Defamation

Making false derogatory statements about a person that result in damage to their reputation.

Slander

Oral or spoken defamation that harms a person's reputation.

Libel

Written or printed defamation that harms a person's reputation.

Assault

An attempt or threat to touch or harm another person unjustifiably.

Battery

An assault carried out by willful, non-consensual physical contact with another person, with or without causing harm.

False Imprisonment

The unlawful restraint, detention, or restriction of movement of another person against their wishes without legal consent.

Informed Consent

A voluntary agreement given by a competent client to accept a treatment or procedure after complete information, risks, and facts have been provided by a physician.

Implied Consent

Consent that is legally assumed in life-threatening emergency situations when explicit consent cannot be obtained from the client or their relatives.