vet medicine products

agonist

drug that has a specific action by binding with an appropriate receptor

antagonist

drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor

efficacy

the extent to which a drug causes the intended effect in the patient

residue

amount of drug present in the tissues or products (milk, eggs and meat) at a particular time

affinity

attraction a drug molecule has to something normally a receptor site

potency

the amount of drug required to elicit a desired effect drugs with a higher potency will have a lower dose rate

drugs that act on heart

- positive inotropes
- sympathomimetic agents
- antiarrhythmic agents

drugs acting on blood vessels

- vasodilators
- vasoconstrictors

drugs acting on blood coagulation system

- anticoagulants
- haemostatics

drugs that act on kidney

- diuretics
- antigiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

inotropy

strength of contraction

lusitropy

relaxation of heart

arrythmia

abnormal heart rate

hypertension

high bp

hypotension

low bp

vasodilation

dilation of blood vessels

vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels

tachycardia

fast heart rate

bradycardia

slow heart rate

chronotropy

rate of contraction

positive inotropes

improves cardiac contractility, give to patients with poor cardiac contractility and heart failure

sympathomimetic agents

help flight or fight response, increases heart rate and also vasoconstricts. indicates CPCR, vasodilatory/distributive shock, anaphylaxis and hypotensive - unresponsive to fluids

antiarrhythmics

lowers heart rate

vasodilators

lowers blood pressure by dilating vessels, for hypertensive patients such as animals in renal failure. only give once we know they are very hypertensive

vasoconstrictors

for hypotensive patients with low blood pressure that do not work well with fluid therapy, they increase blood pressure

anticoagulants

reduce clot formation, for patients with anaemia or risks of thrombosis - cats with HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dogs with IMHA immune mediated haemolytic anaemia

haemostatics

promotes clot formation

diuretics

encourages water loss good for patients with excessive fluid retention such a renal disease, congestive heart failure. may need to lower blood pressure and reduce fluid that way.

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors

for renal disease helps lower blood pressure

antitussives

reduces coughing

bronchodilators

dilates the bronchi and bronchioles
- increases airflow

mucolytics

reduces amount of mucous

expectorants

reduces amount of mucous

respiratory stimulants

stimulates breathing

apnoea

not breathing

tachypnoea

increased breathing rate

dyspnoea

difficulty breathing

bradypnoea

decreased breathing rate

antitussives

reduces coughing

mucolytics/expectorants

clears anything by increases bronchial secretions, could cough more

respiratory stimulants

increase respiratory rate

anti histamines

for anaphylaxis such as drug reactions, wasp/bee stings, adder bites, pollen or dust and allergens. reduces histamine release as causes inflammation and bronchoconstriction
- only vet surgeons can prescribe

analgesics

pain relief

anaesthetic agents

induction agents

sedatives

causes sedation
- making them calm before their full GA, remove anxiety, stress and can also remove pain.

anti-epileptics

diazepam

opioids

reduce GI motility

anti epileptics

make them very sleepy so struggle to walk and make them very thirsty, hungry and need to urinate a lot

addison's

hypoadrenocorticism, adrenal gland doesn't work properly. risk of hypersdrenocorticism which means slow beakinf, weight gain and muscle loss. can get thinner skin.

cushings

producing too much hormones

hyperthyroidism

suppress thyroid

NSAIDs

reduces inflammation, give before surgery to prevent inflammation from happening

cox1

normal functioning of kidney, stomach and intestine

cox2

inflammatory - overproduction of prostaglandins after injection and injury

chondroprotective agents

may cause coagulopathy

activated charcoal

binds to any toxins dog has eaten and prevents them from being absorbed, can't give an overdose as will bind and be defecated out. mix with food or put liquid in mouth.

bismuth subsalicylate

helps bacterial infections as absorbs toxins bacteria produces, protects gastric lining and intestinal lining

kaolin-pectin

doesn't stop diarrhoea happening and them losing electrolytes, it helps firm up faeces. given to all species

maropitant

works at final stage of emesis in brain, doesn't stop chemo nausea. can sting if given sub cut, keep in fridge. cats sensitive to this. can cause drooling, lethargy, reduce appetite and injection stings

metaclopramide

works in gastric system, helps things move through gastric system. useful for chemo nausea, gastric emptying and gastric reflux. don't use if have obstruction.

ondansetron

doesn't prevent nausea but stops vomiting

apomorphine

given anywhere, works fast empties entire stomach. does have sedative effects.

xylazine/ dexmedetomidine

makes them motion sick, put in carrier on spin chair and spin them around. balance stress and how much they need to be sick. has sedative effects

sucralfate

prevents ulcers and forms lining on stomach protecting them from further damage, dissolves to a sticky substance which binds to ulcerated mucosa increases prostaglandin synthesis. may alter antibiotic absorption

ranitidine

H2 receptor antagonist, inhibits gastric acid secretion and lasts for 8 hours. reduces metabolism of some drugs. in horses give big doses due to bioavailability

omeprazole

reduced gastric acid secretion, called a proton pump inhibitor. lasts 3-4 days. regurgitates animals or oesophageal issues. not suitable long term as messes with electrolytes and causes renal disease.

fluoroscein

put drop in eye it'll bind to any area of cornea that is damaged, can diagnose eye ulcers, scratches to cornea. obvious under UV light. comes down lateral duct so will have a green nose as well. is stingy when using it.

mydriatic

dilates pupil

miotic

constricts pupil

glaucoma

increased pressure in eye

eye lavage systems

tube through the eye lid that is attached to the mane at the other end, eye drops inject into the port at the end of the tube and are flushed into the eye with either saline, air, or the tube can be pre-loaded with doses of medication in the correct order

ear

moist environment, more hairy or narrow most likely to cause problems

germicidal

kills worms

vermifugal

paralysises worms

ivermectin

used on every animal, good against roundworms, bots and tapeworms. not good against cyathostomes which only effect horses.

milbemycin

works against everything (heart, hook, whip and roundworms) expect tapeworm

selamectin

only given topically, effects external parasites too.

moxidectin

also works against against external parasites commonly used for horses.

fenbendazole

safe for puppy and kittens, good against round, hook and tapeworms - given 3 days in a row

febantel

against round, hook and tapeworms

mebendazole

never used in dogs as causes hepatic disease, good in chickens or small birds.

praziquantel

good against tapeworms

espiprantel

treats tapeworms.

acarisides

goes against arachnids

insecticidal

goes against insects

fipronil

against insects and arachnids

insect growth regulators

stop insect having different stages and progressing through those stages such as fleas, flies and mosquitos.

chloronicotinyls/neonicotinoids

kills fleas and lice

phenylpyrazoles

kills fleas, ticks, lice and mites. often can combine with other products.

imidacloprid

effective against fleas, combined with moxidectin to treat worms.

dinotefuran

only treats fleas, cat formulation combined with insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to treat fleas only where as dog formulation combined with pyriproxyfen and permethrin will treat fleas, ticks and mosquitos.

nitenpyram

just treats fleas

adjunctive/adjuvant chemotherapy

used following surgery when it is assumed that metastases are present

palliative chemotherapy

used to enhance the quality of life, but is not intended to be 'curative'

neoadjunctive/neoadjuvant chemotherapy

used to reduce the size of a tumour prior to surgery - most commonly radiation is used instead of chemotherapy

metronomic chemotherapy

chronic admission of low dose chemotherapy to prevent tumour progression. can be palliative

multi-drug chemotherapy

the use of multiple agents usually on rotation

causes of cytotoxic drugs

- inappetence
- nausea
- diarrhoea
- bone marrow suppression
- hair loss

prophylactic

builds a patient's immunity before a infection by a pathogen occurs

therapeutic

used in the treatment of disease or disorders