Modernization

Socio-economic progress

Progress in wealth, health, peace and safety

Flynn effect

Gradual increase in skills and abilities of populations in developed countries between 1930 and 1995

Modernization

Co-occuring and interrelated process of rationalisation and socio-economic progress

Individualism

(also emancipative values) individualistic values, such as emphasis on autonomy and personal choice

Collectivism

Collectivistic values, such as emphasis on group loyalty and authority

Emancipative values

Prioritize individual autonomy, equality, and freedom of choice. They emphasize civil liberties, gender equality, and personal empowerment, reflecting a shift toward valuing self-expression and human rights in society.

Rights revolution

increase of human rights in the second half of the 20th century

Demographic transition

Transition within a population from high fertility and high morality to low fertility and low morality

Second demogrpahic

Change within a population towards extremely low fertility levels

Transition

The process of change or transformation in societal structures, norms, or roles over time. It often involves shifts such as demographic changes, economic development, or cultural evolution, shaping how societies and individuals adapt to new circumstances.

Optimism gap

Situation in which people are more positive about their personal lives than they are about society

Availability heuristic

Cognitive bias that people’s judgement of the probability of events, or the frequency of a kind of thing, depends on the ease with which people can think of certain information

One-to-one transmission

Knowledge transmitted from one person to another

One-to-many transmission

Knowledge transmitted from one person to many persons

Vertical diffusion

Knowledge transmitted from parents to children, from one generation to the next generation

Horizontal diffusion

Knowledge transmitted within generations

Many-to-many transmission

Knowledge transmitted from many persons to many persons