Fungal Diversity

Biology 1010

adaptation

adjustment of organisms to their environment over time

reproduction

biological process to produce offspring

homeostatsis

maintenance of stable internal conditions

cellular organization

living organisms are composed of cells

energy processing

conversion of energy for biological functions

response to stimuli

[reaction of organisms to environmental changes

molecular transport

movement of molecules across membranes

sexual reproduction

involves fusion of gametes from two parents.

asexual reproduction

offspring produced without gamete fusion

binary fission

asexual reproduction in bacteria; cell division.

genetic variation

differences in DNA among individuals

natural selection

survival of the fittest; evolutionary process

mutation

change in DNA sequence; source of variation

gene flow

transfer of genes between populations

genetic drift

random changes in allele frequencies

alteration of generations

life cycle involving both sexual and asexual phases

hermaphroditism

organism with both male and female reproductive systems

internal fertilization

sperm fertilizes egg inside the female

external fertilization

sperm fertilizes egg outside the female

positive feedback

amplifies physiological responses for specific outcomes

negative feedback

stabilizes physiological systems around a set point

ovulation

release of an egg from the ovary

fertilization

fusion of sperm and egg to form zygote

oviparous

eggs laid outside; young hatch later.

ovoviviparous

eggs hatch inside female; live birth

viviparous

young develop inside the mother; live birth

hormones

signaling molecules regulation physiological processes

testosterone

male hormone produced by leydig cells

estrogen

female hormone regulating reproductive functions

progresterone

hormone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy

LH

luteinizing hormone; triggers ovulation

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone; stimulates egg production

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone; regulates reproductive hormones

corpus luteum

remnant of follicle; secretes hormones post-ovulation

endometrium

uterine lining; thickens for potential implantation

blastocyst

early stage of embryo; implants in uterus

hCG

hormone maintaining corpus luteum during pregnancy

oxytocin

hormone involved in childbirth and lactation

sertoli cells

support and nourish developing sperm

leydig cells

produce testosterone in male reproductive system

protandry

males change to females in some species

protogyny

females change to males in some species

parthenogenesis

development of egg without fertilization

fragmentation

regeneration from broken parts of an organism

budding

new individual grows from parent organism

fission

division of an organism into two or more parts

temperature-dependent sex determination

sex determined by incubation temperature of eggs

zygote

fertilized egg; first cell of a new organism

gametes

reproductive cells; sperm and eggs

heterosporous

plants producing male and female spores

angiosperms

flowering plants; reproduce via seeds

gymnosperms

non-flowering seed plants; include conifers