Transcription and Translation process
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47 Terms
what breaks down food during chemical digestion
proteins and enzymes
where are the instructions for making proteins found
in the DNA
what is a gene
a continuous sequence of DNA nucleotides that contain instructions to make an RNA molecule
what is the beginning of a gene
a promoter
what is the end of a gene
a terminator
what are regulatory sequences
DNA regions that help control gene expression
what is gene expression
the process of using genetic info to make proteins
what are the 2 main stages of gene expression
transcription and translation
where does transcription occur
the nucleus
where does tranlation occur
the cytoplasm
what is produced during transcription
mRNA
what is produced during translation
polypeptides (protein)
which enzyme carries out transcription
RNA polymerase
what are the stages of transcription
initiation, elongation, and termination
what happens during initiation
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and the DNA unwinds
where is most gene expression controlled
at the promoter
how is gene expression controlled
by allowing or blocking RNA polymerase
what happens during elongation
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template adding complementary RNA nucleotides
in which direction does RNA grow
the 3"‘ (3 prime) end
what happens during termination
RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and the mRNA transcrupt is released
what are exons
coding regions of mRNA that become part of the protein
what are introns
non-coding region that are removed before translation
what modifications are added to mRNA
a 5’ cap and a 3’ poly-A tail
what is RNA splicing
the removal of introns and joining of exons
what performs RNA splicing
the spliceosome
what is the result of RNA splicing
mature mRNA that is ready to leave the nucleus
what is a codon
a sequence of 3 nitrogen bases that code for an amino acid
how many codons are in genetic code
64
how many special codons are there
4: 1 start and 3 stop
what molecule carries amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA
what determines which amino acid a tRNA carries
its anticodon
what pairs with the anticodon
the mRNA codon
what happens after the initiator tRNA binds the start codon
the large ribosomal subunit joins the translation complex
what are the ribosome sites
A, P and E
what happens at the A site
a charged tRNA carrying an amino acid enters
what happens at the P site
the growing polypeptide chain is held and peptide bind form
what happens at the E site
the empty tRNA exits the ribosomes
what is a peptide bond
a bond that joins amino acids together
when does translation end
when a stop codon is reached
what binds to the stop codon
a release factor
what happens after the release factor binds
the polypeptide is released and the ribosome dissociates
do proteins always function immediately after translation
no, many require modifications
wher are digestive enzymes translated
on the endoplasmic reticulum
what organelle modifies proteins after the ER
the golgi apparatus
how are proteins secreted from the cell
in the vesicles through the plasma membrane
what does transcription do
it copies DNA info into mRNA
what does translation do
it uses mRNA instructions to build proteins