Cell Biology, Human Anatomy, and Metric Measurements

Comprehensive flashcards reviewing cell organelles, body organ systems, anatomical regional terms, body cavities, and metric measurement units and prefixes.

Which organelles are classified as membrane-bound in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, and Vesicles.

What is the structure of membrane-bound organelles?

They are made of a phospholipid bilayer, like the plasma membrane.

What are the primary functions of the nucleus?

Stores DNA, contains instructions to make proteins, acts as the "control center" of the cell, and is responsible for making ribosomes.

What structural features characterize the nuclear envelope?

It is made of a double phospholipid bilayer that protects DNA and contains nuclear pores to allow molecules to enter and leave.

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?

Has ribosomes attached, processes proteins, and sends proteins to the Golgi apparatus.

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)?

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates, stores calcium ($\text{Ca}^+$) ions, detoxifies poisons and drugs, and lacks ribosomes.

What are the main functions of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies proteins (attaches lipids or carbohydrates) and packages proteins into specialized vesicles.

What occurs during the process of exocytosis?

Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release substances from the cell, which increases the size of the plasma membrane.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Makes ATP for cellular energy and serves as the site for major reactions of cellular respiration.

What are the structural components of a mitochondrion?

A smooth outer membrane, an inner membrane folded into cristae, and a fluid-filled matrix inside.

What is a vesicle?

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that carries substances to a specific destination.

What are lysosomes and what is their role in the cell?

Single-membrane vesicles containing enzymes that break down ingested food, old organelles, damaged organelles, and old/damaged cells.

Which organelles are classified as non-membrane organelles?

Ribosomes, Cilia, Flagella, and Cytoskeleton.

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

Made of a large and small subunit containing RNA and protein; their function is protein synthesis.

How do the functions of cilia and flagella differ?

Cilia move fluids over the cell surface, whereas flagella move the cell through the surrounding medium.

What three types of protein fibers compose the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

What is the primary function of the Fallopian tubes (oviducts or uterine tubes)?

Site of fertilization.

What are the components and function of the lymphatic system?

Components include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and lymphatic vessels; function is to initiate an immune response against specific pathogens and abnormal cells.

What is the function of sweat glands and sebaceous glands in the integumentary system?

Produces perspiration for evaporative cooling.

What is the primary function of skin in the integumentary system?

Defense against foreign invaders: viruses & bacteria.

What are the primary functions of bones in the skeletal system?

Protect organs, store calcium and phosphate ions, and serve as the primary site for red blood cell production (along with cartilage and ligaments).

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Sites of gas exchange between air & blood.

What is the function of the adrenal glands in the endocrine system?

Maintain homeostasis and release chemical signals.

What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

Produce oocytes & hormones.

What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?

Produce sperm and hormones.

What is the anatomical regional term for the forearm?

Antebrachial.

What is the anatomical regional term for the front of the elbow?

Antecubital.

What is the anatomical regional term for the armpit?

Axillary.

What is the anatomical regional term for the part of the arm from shoulder to elbow?

Brachial.

What is the anatomical regional term for the heel?

Calcaneal.

What is the anatomical regional term for the neck?

Cervical.

What is the anatomical regional term for fingers or toes?

Phalangeal or Digital.

What is the anatomical regional term for the groin?

Inguinal.

What is the anatomical regional term for the back of the head?

Occipital.

What is the anatomical regional term for the back of the elbow?

Olecranal.

What is the anatomical regional term for the eye?

Orbital / Ocular.

What is the anatomical regional term for the back of the knee?

Popliteal.

What is the anatomical regional term for the shoulder?

Acromial.

What is the anatomical regional term for the ear?

Otic.

What is the anatomical regional term for the region between the anus and the external reproductive organs?

Perineum.

Which organs are located in the pelvic cavity?

Bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Which organs are located in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Digestive organs and kidneys.

Which organs are located in the thoracic cavity?

Heart, esophagus, trachea, and lungs.

What are the base units and symbols for length, volume, and mass/weight?

Length: Meter ($\text{m}$); Volume: Liter ($\text{L}$); Mass or weight: Gram ($\text{g}$).

What fraction or scientific notation multiple does the metric prefix Micro ($\mu$) represent?

$1/1,000,000$ or $1 \times 10^{-6}$.

What fraction or scientific notation multiple does the metric prefix Milli ($\text{m}$) represent?

$1/1,000$ or $1 \times 10^{-3}$.

What fraction or scientific notation multiple does the metric prefix Centi ($\text{c}$) represent?

$1/100$ or $1 \times 10^{-2}$.

What fraction or scientific notation multiple does the metric prefix Deci ($\text{d}$) represent?

$1/10$ or $1 \times 10^{-1}$.

What multiple does the metric prefix Kilo ($\text{k}$) represent?

$1,000$ or $1 \times 10^{3}$.