Lecture 1-2: Introduction of Cytogenetics

Genetics

scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

Genetikos, generativs

genetics come from the latin word ______,________

Gen
Produce
Become

Its root word in Latin is ____ to _____- ro ________

Heredity

transmission of traits from one generation to another

Heres
Heir

Heredity come from the Latin word meaning______

Variation

Basc quality of living organisms

Classical Genetics
Populations Genetics
Molecular Gentics
Cytogenetics
Applied Genetics

Fiends of Genetics

Classical Genetics

tracing the phenotype to the genotype.

Genotype

: form of the gene responsible for a characteristic, basic functional unit of heredity.

Phenotype

appearancem characteristics or behavious of an individual

Populations Genetics

study of the application of Mendel’s Laws and other genetic principles to entire populations of organisms. -Changes in gene frequencies. -Variation of individual phenotypes.

Microevolution

change in allele frequencies in a population over time.

Does not split into different species

a characteristics of Miscroevolution

Molecular Genetics

studies the genetic material in detail; combines biochemistry, biophysics and cell biology

Cytogenetics

study of the chromosomes and their role in heredity.

Molecular Cytogenetics

makes use of molecular tools to study chromosomes

Applied Genetics

❖ Genetic engineering
❖ Recombinant DNA technology
❖ Traditional biotechnology
❖ Modern biotechnology

Biotech

Creating a product using parts of living organisms.

Fermentation of Beverages,Cheese, Yogurt, Kimchi

Examples of Biotech

Planned Experimental Breeding

METHODS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

Choosing individuals with particular traits and establishing a line to further analyze the trait of interest.
Makes use of model organisms.

-Small genome (genomes sequenced)

-Controlled matings

-Short generation time

-Large number of offspring

-Convenient to care for E

Advantage of Model Organism

Saccharomyces cervisiae

Also Called a Budding Yeast

Dropsophila melanogaster

More commonly known as fruitfly

caernohabditis elegans

also called Nematode worm

Mus musculus

also known Mouse

Arabidopsis thaliana

Also known as Thale cress

Pedigree Analysis

METHODS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
Family tree showing traits of parents and children, Helps study inhertiance patterns over generation

Twin Studies

METHODS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
Focuses on the effects on environmental factors on phenotype.

Concordance

Discordance

Twins separated at birth (adoption studies)

Karyotying

METHODS OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGsomes
The process of making a karyogram
Karyotype/karyogram: standardized froma where chromo

Squish Method & Drop Method

-To split cells in half

Statistics and Computational Tools

➢ Studies done in silico
➢ Statistics
➢ Bioinformatics
➢ AI, deep learning, and machine learning

Molecular Genetics

Recombinant DNA technology: cutting and pasting of DNA -Heterologous protein producti

Insulin

these were taken from pigs in ancient times.

Cell

Basic Unit of Life

NEOLITHIC EVOLUTION/ ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

➢ Had a concept of Heredity. ➢ Selecting breeding of plants and animals.

Hippocrates

➢ Brick and Mortar Theory
➢ Invisible seeds containing characteristics. ➢ Performed in the semen of men.

Aristotle

Challenged Hippocrates’ seed theory
Blood contained materials for building the body.
Semen was purified blood, menstrual for women.

Preromation 17 and 18th century

- Little, fully formed humans in the sperm head.

Jean-Bapstiste Lamarck

➢ Law of Use and Disuse
➢ Organs develop based on need and they can be passed down

Pangenesis

Ornasimss produced

Charles Darwin

Together with Alfred Russel Wallace, was credited as a proponent of the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Alfred Russel Wallace

together with Charles Darwin, was credited as a proponent of the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Charles Darwin

Mother and Father Gemmules Combine to make a human

Gregor Mendel

➢ Started the field of modern genetics
➢ Studied the inheritance patterns of pea plants.
➢ Published his findings in 1865
➢ Was disregarded due to scientists not believing in his ability due to him being a monk

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The Molecule of Heredity

Pathogenic and Non pathogenic
Rough Strain, buff strain mouse lives
➢ Smooth strain- mouse died (heated) mouse lives
➢ Mix of Smooth and Rough Strain- mouse dies

Transforming Principle

There was a heat- killed organism that changed & killed the mouse.

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD, AND MACLYN MACCARTY

Same as the transforming principle setup but instead, they destroyed one biomolecule systematically.

MJ Schleiden and T Schwann

Who propose the cell theory

Rudolf Virchow

Amended the Cell Theory

THE CELL THEORY

All living organisms are composed of cells
Possess genetic material required to regulate cell production and replicate passsing genetic information to new cells

Viruses

These organism need a host cell to spread thus they ar not living things

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

2 types of organisms

Bacteria

➢ One of the divisions of Prokaryotes
➢ Cells with no organized inner structures
➢ Live in a myriad

Entercoccus faecium

Staphylococcu aureus

Klebsiella pneomoniae

Acinetobacter baumannii

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Enterobacter species

Nosocomial Infections

Archaea

➢ One of the divisions of Prokaryotes
➢ Largely composed of extremophiles
➢ Little morphological difference from bacteria
➢ Closer to eukaryotes with regards to genetic machinery but closer to prokaryotes with regards to machinery and energy conversion

Methonococcus
Sulfolobus
Halobacterium

Example of Archaea

Eukaryotes

➢ DNA separated by nuclear compartment
➢ Have organized cell structures
➢ Larger sizes and genomes than prokaryotes

Saccharomyces
Homosapiens
Mus
Zea
Ixora

Examples of Eukaryotes