Unit 3 Cells

Cell Theory

A fundamental concept in biology stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from existing cells.

Prokaryotes

Organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria and archaea).

Eukaryotes

Organisms that have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells (e.g., animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists).

Purpose of Microbiology Lab

To study microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

Key Techniques in Microbiology

Techniques include culturing bacteria on agar plates, microbiological techniques to observe cell structures, and staining methods like Gram staining to differentiate types of bacteria.

Common Organelles in Animal and Plant Cells

Nucleus, Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes.

Chloroplast

An organelle unique to plant cells that is responsible for photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

A structure unique to plant cells that provides support and protection.

Large Central Vacuole

An organelle unique to plant cells that stores water and nutrients.

Lysosomes

Organelles unique to animal cells that digest waste materials.

Centrioles

Organelles unique to animal cells that are involved in cell division.

Cell Adaptations

Evolved features of cells that allow them to perform specific functions.

Muscle Cells

Cells that are elongated and contain many mitochondria for energy.

Red Blood Cells

Cells with long extensions to absorb water and minerals more efficiently.

Cell Specialization

The process by which generic cells change into specific cell types to perform distinct functions.

Nerve Cells

Specialized cells for transmitting nerve impulses.

Immune Cells

Specialized cells that identify and respond to pathogens.

Epithelial Cells

Cells that form protective layers on body surfaces and organs.