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proton
positive, +1
neutron
neutral, 0
electron
-1, negative
A (mass number)
number of protons plus neutrons
Z (atomic number)
number of protons
isotopes have
same number of protons (z) different number of neutrons (a)
radioactivity
the spontaneous emission of radiation from a nucleus
alpha particles
4/2HE (helium nucleus), slow, low penetrating power
beta particles
0/-1 e (electron), medius speed, medium penetrating power
gamma rays
high energy photons(light), no mass, fast, high penetrating power
radioactivity is the result of
unstable nuclei
radioisotope
a radioactive isotope
radiation is emitted when
an unstable radionuclide spontaneously changes into a more stable one
nuclear decay
the spontaneous emission of a particle from an unstable nucleus
transmutation
the change of one element to another
alpha emission
the release of alpha particles (helium nuclei) from the nuclide
beta emission
decomposition of a neutron to yield an electron and a proton, electron ejected as beta particle
gamma emmision
release of high energy gamma rays from the nuclide
positron emission
conversion of a proton in the nucleus into a neutron plus an ejected positron
positron
positive electron, same mass as electron but positive charge
electron capture
the nucleus captures an inner shell electron from the surrounding electron cloud
in electron capture,
a proton is converted into a neutron and energy is released in the form of gamma rays
half life
the amount of time required for one half of a radioactive sample to decay
the rate between half lives is
the same
half life equation
amount final = amount initial x .5^n where n= # of half lives
ionizing radiation
a general name for high energy radiation of all kinds
x rays
have no mass, consist of high energy electromagnetic radiation, energy somewhat less than gamma rays
cosmic rays
high energy particles from outer space, consist primarily of protons ans some alpha/beta particles
gamma / x rays are most harmful
outside the body
alpha + beta are most harmful
inside the body
protection against ionizing radiation
distance, shielding, time
photographic film badges
radiation causes film to fog
scintillation counter
a phosphor emits a flash of light when struck by radiation
geiger counter
detects differences in charges
artificial transmutation
the change of one atom into another by a nuclear bombardment reaction
nuclear fission
the fragmentation of heavy nuclei
chain reaction
once started is self sustaining
critical mass
the amount of radioactive material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction
nuclear fusion
the joining together of light nuclei
fusion produces
more energy than fission