chemistry unit 11

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40 Terms

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proton

positive, +1

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neutron

neutral, 0

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electron

-1, negative

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A (mass number)

number of protons plus neutrons

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Z (atomic number)

number of protons

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isotopes have

same number of protons (z) different number of neutrons (a)

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radioactivity

the spontaneous emission of radiation from a nucleus

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alpha particles

4/2HE (helium nucleus), slow, low penetrating power

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beta particles

0/-1 e (electron), medius speed, medium penetrating power

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gamma rays

high energy photons(light), no mass, fast, high penetrating power

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radioactivity is the result of

unstable nuclei

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radioisotope

a radioactive isotope

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radiation is emitted when

an unstable radionuclide spontaneously changes into a more stable one

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nuclear decay

the spontaneous emission of a particle from an unstable nucleus

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transmutation

the change of one element to another

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alpha emission

the release of alpha particles (helium nuclei) from the nuclide

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beta emission

decomposition of a neutron to yield an electron and a proton, electron ejected as beta particle

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gamma emmision

release of high energy gamma rays from the nuclide

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positron emission

conversion of a proton in the nucleus into a neutron plus an ejected positron

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positron

positive electron, same mass as electron but positive charge

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electron capture

the nucleus captures an inner shell electron from the surrounding electron cloud

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in electron capture,

a proton is converted into a neutron and energy is released in the form of gamma rays

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half life

the amount of time required for one half of a radioactive sample to decay

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the rate between half lives is

the same

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half life equation

amount final = amount initial x .5^n where n= # of half lives

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ionizing radiation

a general name for high energy radiation of all kinds

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x rays

have no mass, consist of high energy electromagnetic radiation, energy somewhat less than gamma rays

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cosmic rays

high energy particles from outer space, consist primarily of protons ans some alpha/beta particles

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gamma / x rays are most harmful

outside the body

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alpha + beta are most harmful

inside the body

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protection against ionizing radiation

distance, shielding, time

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photographic film badges

radiation causes film to fog

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scintillation counter

a phosphor emits a flash of light when struck by radiation

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geiger counter

detects differences in charges

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artificial transmutation

the change of one atom into another by a nuclear bombardment reaction

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nuclear fission

the fragmentation of heavy nuclei

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chain reaction

once started is self sustaining

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critical mass

the amount of radioactive material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction

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nuclear fusion

the joining together of light nuclei

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fusion produces

more energy than fission