fluids, electrolytes, acid-base balance final

potassium (K+)

• nerve impulses, muscle contractions, cell function

hyperkalemia

muscle weakness, cardiac arrest

hypokalemia

leads to muscle cramps, fatigue, irregular heartbeat

sodium (Na+)

major ECF ion, controls fluid balance, nerve impulses, muscle function

hypernatremia

causes dehydration, confusion, high blood pressure

hyponatremia

brain swelling, seizures, coma

calcium (Ca2+)

bone health, blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve signaling

hypercalcemia

weakness, kidney stones, cardiac issues

hypocalcemia

muscle spasms, tingling

chloride (CI-)

maintains osmotic balance, acid base balance

hyperchloremia

acidosis, dehydration

hypochloremia

alkalosis, muscle excitability respiratory issues

phosphate

ATP production, bone health, acid base buffering

hyperphosphatemia

kidney failure, calcification in soft tissue

hypophosphatemia

muscle weakness, bone pain, neurological issues