Anatomy and Physiology Lab quiz 1

Anatomical position

• Standing Erect

• Facing forward

• Arms hanging that the sides

• palms facing forward

Axial Region

Made up of the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular region

made up of the arms, legs, and the bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Anterior cranial or cephalic region

Made up of frontal, orbital, buccal, mental, nasal, oral, and cervical (neck)

Anterior thoracic region

made up of Acromial, axilalry, pectoral, sternal, abdominal, umbilical, coxal, inguinal, pubic regions

Posterior Thoracic region

Made up of the scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, and gluteal

Anterior Appendicular Region

• Arms

  • Brachial

  • cubital

  • antebrachial

  • carpal

  • manual

  • digital

• Legs

  • Femoral

  • Patellar

  • Crural

  • Tarsal

  • Pedal

  • Digital

Posterior appendicular region

• Arms

  • Dorsum of hand

• Legs

  • Popliteal

  • Calcaneal

Superior

above

inferior

below

Cranial

Head

Caudal

Tail

Anterior

front

posterior

back

Ventral

Belly side

Dorsal

Back side of the body

Medial

Towards the middle of the body

Lateral

Towards the outside

Proximal

Towards the torso

Distal

Away from the torso

superficial

toward the skin/surface

Deep

away from the skin/surface

Sagittal plane

Divides the body right from left

midsagittal

the midline of the body, separates the body into two equal halves

Parasagittal

unequal division of the body

Frontal plane (coronal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)

Transverse plane

Divides the body in cross section, superior and inferior

Dorsal Cavity

• Cranial (brain)

• Vertebral (Spinal cord)

Ventral cavity

• Thoracic (lungs and heart)

  • Pericardial cavity surrounds the heart

  • 2 Pleural membranes surrounds the lungs

• Abdominopelvic (digestive, urinary, and reproductive system)

  • diaphragm

    • separates the thoracic and adbominopelvic cavities

Acromial

Shoulder

Pectoral

chest or breast

sternal

sternum/ the breastbone in the center of the chest

Coxal

Hip

Scapular

shoulder blades/ upper back and shoulder that surrounds the scapula

Vertebral

Vertebrae

Lumbar

lower back region of the body

sacral

lower part of the back and pelvic area centered around the sacrum

Gluteal

Back of the pelvic area

brachial

arms

carpal

wrist

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

anterior part of the knee/ knee cap

Tarsal

Ankle

dorsum

back of the hand

Popliteal

Back of the knee

Calcaneal

heel

ocular lens

• always 10x

• Lens closest to the eye in a microscope

Objective lens

• optical lens closest to the subject or specimen

• Different magnifications

  • 4x, 10x, 40x

  • To find total mag → multiple objective lens X ocular lens (10x always)

Condenser

controls the light underneath the stage, adjustable

Diaphragm

controls the amount of light

Field of view of microscope

area of slide seen / the total visible circular area of the specimen that you can see through the lens

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

• Outer most boundary of the cell

• Phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins and carbohydrates

• Two primary functions

  • protective barrier

  • Selective control for entry and exit of substances

• Composed of

  • two lipid layers (hydrophobic)

  • Two protein layers (hydrophilic)

Nucleus

contains the cells genetic material (chromosomes)

Ribosomes

Responsible for synthesis of proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• ribosomes attached to the surface

  • Makes proteins and stores them

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• no ribosomes

• Lipids are synthesized

Golgi apparatus

• manufacture of carbohydrates

• Packages proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates into transport vesicles

• Delivers vesicles to other organelles via exocytosis

Lysosome

• vesicles made by the golgi complex

• Contain strong digestive enzymes

  • Digest old and foreign substances

Mitochondria

• Provides the cell with energy (ATP) needed for all chemical reactions

• The powerhouse of the cell, contains its own DNA

• Supports aerobic respiration

Centrioles

• important during mitosis

• forms the spindle fibers necessary for cell division

• complex assemblies of micro tubules

Epithelial tissue

• cover organs, and lines cavities within organs, lines blood vessels, line respiratory, and digestive tracts

• Always have

  • Free surface (not attached to any other tissue)

  • Basal surface (connected to an underlying connective tissue)

• High mitotic rate

• arranged in sheets, either single layer or multiple layer

• Avascular (no blood cells)

Simple Columnar epithelium

• Digestive tract, gallbladder

• Some contain specialized cells

  • Goblet cells

  • Cilia

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• Cells have different heights, so some do not reach the surface → appearance of being stratified (multiple layers)

• Some can contain cilia and goblet cells

• EX: trachea

Connective tissue

• most abundant and widely distributed of all tissue types

• Mostly matrix, few cells

• Reinforced with one or more fiber types

  • collagen

    • Single diffuse strands, or parallel wavy bundles of protein

  • Reticular

    • single stranded collagen, delicate branching network

  • Elastic

    • Elastin, appears as yellow branched fibers, fine filaments

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

• most common type of connective tissue

• Fibroblasts

  • produce and secretes the matrix and the fibers

• Matrix is semi-fluid

• all three fiber types presented

• Upper epithelia of the body

Adipose tissue

• Cell → adipocytes (Fibroblast cells filled with fat)

• Nucleus and cytoplasm pushed to periphery

• Little matrix

• Under skin and the breasts

Reticular connective tissue

• Matrix filled with dense network of reticular fibers

• Lymphoid organs

Dense fibrous connective tissue

• Few fibroblasts

• Matrix → numerous wavy bundles of collagen fibers

• Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

Diffusion

Small nonpolar inorganic molecules pass through membranes readily from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration rapidly

Osmosis

Passive diffusion of water through a membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

• Polar molecules that aren’t small enough needs protein carriers

• Molecules pass through the membrane without energy, from high concentration to low concentration

Active transport

• requires energy

• Often transporting a molecule from lower concentration to higher concentration

Hypertonic solutions

Solutions that contain more solutes than the intracellular fluid of a cell (higher concentration → high solute)

Hypotonic solution

Contains fewer solutes (lower concentration → low solute)

isotonic solution

same concentration of solutes

Exocytosis

• Requires energy

• Bulk transport

  • polysaccharides and proteins

• Cross the membrane via vesicles

• Moves the molecules outside the cell

• Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it and expel its contents

Integumentary system

• Made up of the skin and all its structures

• Protects against mechanical, chemical, and bacterial damage

• Prevents loss of water (dehydration)

• Controls body temperature

• Sensory source for the brain, external stimuli

Epidermis

• Composed of four layers or strata

• Constantly regenerating from the deep layer

• Tissue type is stratified squamous epithelium

Stratum Basale

• Deepest layer of the epidermis (1st layer)

• Single layer of cells

• Two types of cells

  • Melanocytes (produces melanin)

  • Keratinocytes

Stratum Spinosum

• Second layer of the epidermis

• Eight to ten layers thick

• Deeper layers continue to divide but the upper layers stop dividing

• Cells begin to produce keratin → water resistant protein

Stratum Granulosum

• Third layer of the epidermis

• Three to five layers thick

• Deeper layers manufacture keratin, upper layers do not

• Upper layers dehydrate, their organelles disintegrate and they die

• Upper most later flatted and completly filled with keratin (appear scale like)

Stratum Lucidium

• Fourth layer in thick skin only

• Found only in palms of hands and soles of feet

• Single layer

• Translucent

• Filled with keratohyline

Stratum Corneum

• Fifth layer in thick skin, fourth layer in thin skin

• fifteen to thirty layers

• Migrate slowly to the surface

• Gradually slough off

• two to four weeks to go from stratum basale to the stratum corneum

Dermis

• Composed of connective tissue

• Contains the accessory structures

• Gives the integument its strength

• Two layers

  • Papillary layer

  • Reticular layer

Papillary layer

• composed of areolar connective tissue

• Superior surface form dermal papillae

• Capillaries in this layer responsible for temperature control (homeostasis)

Reticular layer

• Composed of dense irregular connective tissue

• Contain the major vessels of the integument, hair follicles, and glands

Hypodermis

• Subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

• Composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

Sebaceous glands

• Located all over the body except the palms and soles

• Empty onto epidermal surface and hair roots

• Secretion is oily, lubricates skin, keeps hair pliable

Merocrine (Eccrine) glands

• Part of the sudoriferous gland (sweat glands)

• All over surface of the body

• secretion is water and salts (perspiration) cools body

Apocrine

• Part of the sudoriferous gland (sweat glands)

• Axillae and genital areas

• Secretion is thick and rich in proteins and fats

Pacinian Corpuscles

• Sensory receptor

• Deep pressure and vibration

Meissner Corpuscle

• sensory receptor

• Light touch and texture