BIOS 041 Study Guide for Chapter 14 – Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

A collection of flashcards that summarize key concepts related to energy generation in mitochondria and chloroplasts as outlined in Chapter 14.

What is the process by which mitochondria generate ATP?

The process is oxidative phosphorylation.

What is the role of ATP synthase in ATP production?

ATP synthase uses the potential energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

What is the significance of the inner membrane being highly folded in mitochondria?

The folding increases the surface area, allowing for more membrane-bound proteins necessary for ATP production.

What is the function of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

The ETC transfers electrons from NADH to oxygen, creating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

What happens to electrons at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?

They are combined with H+ ions and oxygen to form water.

What role does oxygen play in the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor, allowing the chain to function continuously.

What forms the proton-motive force in mitochondria?

The proton-motive force is formed by the concentration difference and the charge difference across the membrane due to protons (H+ ions).

How does the uncoupling process affect ATP production?

Uncoupling makes the inner membrane permeable to H+, causing protons to flow back without passing through ATP synthase, leading to heat production instead of ATP.

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process of using light energy to synthesize organic molecules like glucose.

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Stage 1 consists of light-dependent reactions; Stage 2 consists of light-independent reactions.

What are antenna complexes in chloroplasts?

Antenna complexes are groups of chlorophyll molecules that capture light energy.

What is the outcome of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

They produce ATP and NADPH.

What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of photosystem II?

The chlorophyll of photosystem I.

What is produced as a waste product when water donates electrons in photosystem II?

Oxygen is formed as a waste product.

During the light-independent reactions, which substrates are combined to produce glucose?

CO2 molecules are combined using the energy from ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions.