U2 L3, A&P232

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Most of the eye is protected by

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1

Most of the eye is protected by

  • a cushion of fat and the bony orbit

  • Accessory structures include eyelids, eyebrows, eye lashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus and extrinsic muscles

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2

The conjunctiva is a

  • transparent membrane that lines the eyelids  from the inside and covers the whites of the eyes

  • It lubricates and protects the eye.

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3

The lacrimal apparatus consists of the

lacrimal gland that secretes tears, and associated ducts.

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4

six extrinsic eye muscles  enable the eye to

  • follow moving objects

  • maintain  the shape of the eyeball.

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5

six extrinsic eye muscles include

  • Superior rectus m.

  • Inferior rectus m.

  • Lateral rectus m.

  • Medial rectus m.

  • Inferior oblique m.

  • Superior oblique m.

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6

The eyeball is a slightly irregular hollow sphere with anterior and posterior poles.  Its internal cavity is filled with

fluids called humors

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7

The lens separates the internal cavity  into

anterior and posterior segments (or cavities).

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8

The wall of the eye is composed of three layers:

  • fibrous tunic

  • vascular tunic

  • sensory tunic

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9

fibrous tunic

  • forms the outermost coat of the eye

  • composed of the opaque sclera (posteriorly) and the clear cornea (anteriorly).

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10

vascular tunic

  • consists of a thin dark membrane, the choroid, whichcontains numerous blood vessels and forms the posterior portion of the vascular tunic.

  • Around the lens vascular tunic thickens and forms the ciliary body.

  • The ciliary body contains muscles that change the shape of the lens.

  • Anterior to the lens, the vascular tunic forms the iris (the colored portion of the eye).

  • The iris consists of two layers of muscles which control the size of the pupil.

  • The pupil is the central opening of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

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11

sensory tunic

  • the retina is a delicate two layered membrane that contains a  pigment.

  • The outer layer absorbs light and prevents its scattering.

  • The inner neural layer contains photoreceptors that transduce light energy.

  • Bipolar and ganglion cells are located closer to the inner surface of the eye and carry visual stimulus from the receptor cells.

  • Ganglion cell axons run along the inner surface  of the retina and join to form the optic nerve.

  • The optic disc is the site where the  optic nerve leaves the eye. It lacks photoreceptors (the blind spot).

  • Photoreceptors found in the retina are called rods and cones

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12

The lens separates the

internal eye into anterior and posterior segments (cavities)

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13

the posterior segment

  • filled with vitreous humor

  • It transmits light and holds the neural retina firmly against the pigmented layer.

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14

the anterior segment

  • filled with aqueous humor.

  • The anterior segment is composed of two chambers: - __anterior chambe__r (between the cornea and the iris)  - posterior chamber (between the iris and the lens).

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15

The lens is a

  • biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure

  • allows precise focusing of light onto the retina.

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16

The light goes through the following structures before  reaching the photoreceptors:

Cornea → aqueous humor of the anterior chamber →pupil →aqueous humor of the posterior chamber→ lens→ vitreous humor of the posterior cavity→ ganglion cells of the retina → bipolar cells of the retina   → photoreceptors.

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17

Electromagnetic radiation includes

  • all energy waves from short gamma rays to long  radio waves.

  • Our eyes respond to a small portion of this spectrum called the visible  spectrum.

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18

When light passes from one transparent medium to another, it

refracts (bends)

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19

Light passing through a convex lens (as in the eye) is

bent so that the rays converge on a focal  point.

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20

When a convex lens forms an image, the image is

upside down and reversed right to left.

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21

Accommodation is a

complex brainstem reflex which focuses the image on the fovea  centralis

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22

Suspensory ligaments that attach to  the lens are

pulled taut in order to flatten the  lens.

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23

When ciliary muscles contract, the lens  becomes

thicker (focusing on close  objects).

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24

When ciliary muscles relax,

  • tension is applied to the suspensory ligaments,  thus flattening the lens(focusing on far  away objects)

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25

rods

  • respond to all wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum

  • are very sensitive

  • require only dim light to function

  • found throughout the retina

  • provide a fuzzy black and white image.

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26

cones

  • only found at the fovea centralis

  • have low sensitivity

  • need bright light to function

  • provide high visual acuity

  • respond to selected wavelengths of light.

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27

Membranous discs in photoreceptors (rods) contain

  • rhodopsin consists of protein opsin attached to retinal (vitamin A) molecule

  • Light changes conformation (shape) of retinal,  which in turn brakes rhodopsin into opsin and retinal and causes generator potential.

  • This reaction is reversed in the darkness

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28

From rods and cones the visual stimulus is passed to

  • bipolar and then ganglion cells

  • Axons of retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve.

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29

The medial fibers of the optic nerve decussate at

the optic chiasm

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30

Most fibers of the optic tracts continue to the

thalamus

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31

Optic radiations travel from the thalamus to the

primary visual cortex.

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32

The association visual cortex  deals with

  • shape

  • color

  • motion

  • depth perception.

  • It compares the image with previously seen objects for identification.

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33

cataracts

cloudy lens

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34

presbyopia

loss of lens elasticity with age

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35

hyperopia

farsightedness due to compressed shape of the eye

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36

myopia

nearsightedness due to elongated shape of the eye

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37

glaucoma

increased intraoccular pressure

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38

Anisocoria

difference in size between the right and left pupil

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39

color blindness

abnormality of the cones in the retina

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