#4 - Chapter 2: What are the parts of the nervous system?

sulcus

a groove in the cerebral cortex

gyrus

matter between 2 grooves/wrinkles

gray matter

contains cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin

white matter

consists of axons white myelin sheath

axon tracts

when lots of myelinated axons travel together, they appear white

what is a tract

when multiple axons form together

which regions communicate with one another on the axon tracts?

cortical and subcortical

corpus collosum

axon tract that joins the two hemispheres

what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

how are the cortical regions divided?

sensory, associative, motor processing areas

what are the three parts of the sensory?

primary sensory cortex, visual cortex, and auditory cortex

what is sensory?

involved in processing sensory input; receive strong input from sensory organs

what is motor?

involved in driving movements or generating motor responses; makes strong connections to the spinal chord

what is the motor related to?

primary motor cortex

what is associative?

involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing stimuli and acting upon them

what are the parts of associative?

parietal lobe, temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex

primary motor cortex

in front of the central sulcus

primary sensory cortex

is behind the central sulcus

what is the cerebral cortex made up of?

different sub-regions that have different but similar structure

what is another name for different sub-regions that have different but similar structure?

cytoarchitecture

how are cortical regions defined by?

what they are connected by and their sub-regional cellular architecture

how many layers does cortical regions have?

pyramidal cells

pyramidal cells

cell bodies of pyramidal neurons reside

what are the major output layers?

#5 & #6

which layer does the apical and basal dendrites receive from?

layer 4

what type of dendrites receive information from layer 4?

apical (top) and basal (bottom)

pyramidal neurons

projection cells - project information to other cortical and subcortical areas

thalamus

major relay station for sensory information into cerebral cortex

hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

neurohormone center, biological rhythms, hunger/thirst, body temperature, sexual drive

caudate

habit formation

substantia nigra

consists of cell bodies that produce a neurotransmitter dopamine involved in movement continuation

cingulate gyrus

attention

amygdala

fear processing, appetitive behavior, emotion “center”

stria terminalis

sex and threat responses; integration of hormonal signals'; basal part of the stria terminalis is involved in appetitive behavior and emotion regulation

what is in the brainstem parts?

midbrain, pons medulla

where are the axons from the brainstem going through?

coming and going between spinal cord and brain

what does the brainstem control?

head, eyes, gaze

what type of functions do the brain stem control?

autonomic/automatic functions

super colliculus

visual information processing specifically gaze information

inferior colliculus

auditory information processing

where is the pons located?

attached to the cerebellum

what does the pons do?

contains motor control and sensory nuclei, gives rise to cranial nerves

what does the medulla contain?

cranial nerve nuclei and marks transition from brain to spinal chord

what is the function of the medulla?

breathing and heart rate regulation

what are the cranial nerves?

bundle of axons

what do the cranial nerves control?

within a nerve, different axons control sensory and motor processing

the cerebellum controls

fine motor control, gait, balance, and muscle coordination