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The following question refers to the topic of the origins and effects of industrialization.
Which of the following best explains Great Britain's early industrial dominance?
A. The loss of American colonies
B. Growing British naval power
C. The supply of cheap labor from overseas immigrants to Britain
D. Easy access to raw materials such as coal and iron
D. Easy access to raw materials such as coal and iron
The following question refers to the topic of the origins and effects of industrialization.
Which of the following best explains the social dislocations experienced by much of Europe in the nineteenth century?
A. The effects of European wars on the countryside
B. The rapid urbanization that accompanied industrialization
C. The development of new economic theories in response to industrialization
D. The increasing government intervention in the industrial economy across Europe
B. The rapid urbanization that accompanied industrialization
The following question refers to the topic of the origins and effects of industrialization.
Which of the following best explains why European governments began to pass laws regulating labor conditions over the course of the nineteenth century?
A. Governments wanted to return to the guild system of labor.
B. Governments were increasingly under political pressure to relieve problems caused by industrialization.
C. Governments were increasingly influenced by laissez-faire economic policies.
D. Governments wanted to redirect industrial laborers toward conscripted military service.
B. Governments were increasingly under political pressure to relieve problems caused by industrialization.
“There exists, perhaps, no single circumstance which distinguishes our country more remarkably from all others, than the vast extent and perfection to which we have carried the contrivance of tools and machines for forming those conveniences of which so large a quantity is consumed by almost every class of the community. The amount of patient thought, of repeated experiment, of happy exertion of genius, by which our manufactures have been created and carried to their present excellence, is scarcely to be imagined. If we look around the rooms we inhabit, or through those storehouses of every convenience, of every luxury that man can desire, which deck the crowded streets of our larger cities, we shall find in the history of each article, of every fabric, a series of failures which have gradually led the way to excellence; and we shall notice, in the art of making even the most insignificant of them, processes calculated to excite our admiration by their simplicity, or to rivet our attention by their unlooked-for results.”
Babbage's description of Great Britain's "tools and machines" best illustrates which of the following developments of the nineteenth century?
A. The abundance of raw materials for manufactured products in Great Britain
B. Britain’s leadership in the process of industrialization
C. The development and increasing influence of Marxist thought
D. The continued influence of the Enlightenment’s mechanistic view of the world on nineteenth-century writers
B. Britain's leadership in the process of industrialization
“There exists, perhaps, no single circumstance which distinguishes our country more remarkably from all others, than the vast extent and perfection to which we have carried the contrivance of tools and machines for forming those conveniences of which so large a quantity is consumed by almost every class of the community. The amount of patient thought, of repeated experiment, of happy exertion of genius, by which our manufactures have been created and carried to their present excellence, is scarcely to be imagined. If we look around the rooms we inhabit, or through those storehouses of every convenience, of every luxury that man can desire, which deck the crowded streets of our larger cities, we shall find in the history of each article, of every fabric, a series of failures which have gradually led the way to excellence; and we shall notice, in the art of making even the most insignificant of them, processes calculated to excite our admiration by their simplicity, or to rivet our attention by their unlooked-for results.”
Babbage's description of how "every convenience" and "every luxury" came to be developed best illustrates which of the following?
A. The private initiative of industrialists and manufacturers that developed Britain’s industrial economy
B. The increasing availability of overseas goods as a result of the expansion of the British Empire
C. The growth of British industrial cities over the course of the nineteenth century
D. The failure of British industry to keep pace with Germany during the second industrial revolution
A. The private initiative of industrialists and manufacturers that developed Britain's industrial economy
“There exists, perhaps, no single circumstance which distinguishes our country more remarkably from all others, than the vast extent and perfection to which we have carried the contrivance of tools and machines for forming those conveniences of which so large a quantity is consumed by almost every class of the community. The amount of patient thought, of repeated experiment, of happy exertion of genius, by which our manufactures have been created and carried to their present excellence, is scarcely to be imagined. If we look around the rooms we inhabit, or through those storehouses of every convenience, of every luxury that man can desire, which deck the crowded streets of our larger cities, we shall find in the history of each article, of every fabric, a series of failures which have gradually led the way to excellence; and we shall notice, in the art of making even the most insignificant of them, processes calculated to excite our admiration by their simplicity, or to rivet our attention by their unlooked-for results.”
Babbage's statement that Britain's emphasis on machinery distinguishes it from all other countries best illustrates which of the following developments outside of Britain in the nineteenth century?
A. The influence of British mercantilist interests in parliament
B. The lag time in industrial development of many European countries
C. The integration of trade into a global economic network
D. The increased consumerism and rise in living standards during the second industrial revolution
B. The lag time in industrial development of many European countries
“Go through the shops in any large town. Millions of hands—more than can be counted have labored over the things displayed there and just see! Can anything for men’s use be found in nine-tenths of these shops? All the luxuries of life are demanded and consumed by women. Count the factories. A huge portion of them are engaged in making useless ornaments, carriages, furniture and knickknacks for women. Millions of people, generations of slaves, perish at this cruel factory labor to satisfy the whims of women. Women, like queens, have forced nine-tenths of the human race to labor for them as their slaves. And all because they have been humiliated and deprived of equal rights with man.”
The conditions in Russia described in the passage were most directly the result of which of the following?
A. The resistance of many aristocrats to efforts to reform the Russian economy
B. The spread of the second industrial revolution to Russia
C. Russia’s lead role in the woman suffrage movement of the nineteenth century
D. The abolition of slavery and serfdom in Russia in the mid-nineteenth century
B. The spread of the second industrial revolution to Russia
“Go through the shops in any large town. Millions of hands—more than can be counted have labored over the things displayed there and just see! Can anything for men’s use be found in nine-tenths of these shops? All the luxuries of life are demanded and consumed by women. Count the factories. A huge portion of them are engaged in making useless ornaments, carriages, furniture and knickknacks for women. Millions of people, generations of slaves, perish at this cruel factory labor to satisfy the whims of women. Women, like queens, have forced nine-tenths of the human race to labor for them as their slaves. And all because they have been humiliated and deprived of equal rights with man.”
Tolstoy's critique of the luxuries available in shops best reflects which of the following developments of the nineteenth century?
A. The increasing availability of products from overseas imperial possessions
B. The effects of improvements in agricultural productivity across Europe
C. The growth in consumerism and leisure time as industrial production increased
D. The increase in urbanization as transportation technologies improved
C. The growth in consumerism and leisure time as industrial production increased
“Go through the shops in any large town. Millions of hands—more than can be counted have labored over the things displayed there and just see! Can anything for men’s use be found in nine-tenths of these shops? All the luxuries of life are demanded and consumed by women. Count the factories. A huge portion of them are engaged in making useless ornaments, carriages, furniture and knickknacks for women. Millions of people, generations of slaves, perish at this cruel factory labor to satisfy the whims of women. Women, like queens, have forced nine-tenths of the human race to labor for them as their slaves. And all because they have been humiliated and deprived of equal rights with man.”
The increased availability of goods that Tolstoy critiques in the passage led most directly to which of the following?
A. The creation of a truly global economic network
B. The attempts by governments to regulate the business cycle
C. The development of mass-marketing through advertisements and new shopping venues
D. The increasing popularity of Marxist economic theory in tsarist Russia among the peasants
C. The development of mass-marketing through advertisements and new shopping venues
Source 1
“When one man willfully gives to another, the latter appreciates the sacrifice that has been made in his favor, and a bond is established between he who gives and he who receives which leads to [social] tranquillity, harmony, and the conciliation of the classes. If, on the contrary, charity originates in taxes which take from one to give to others, this bond is no longer forged. In fact, the result will be bad feelings on both sides: [the rich] will be fed up, tired with, overwhelmed by taxes; [the poor] will no longer see the hand that gives, they will be led to believe that the resources of the state are unlimited, they will become more demanding, and will grow to hate a society which does not give enough. From there to social disorder, it’s not very far.”
Source 2
“What does the honest and hardworking worker want? It is to live by the work of his profession, to raise his family honestly, to give to our beloved France soldiers robust in body and spirit, and mothers who possess the moral energy to raise their children. It is greed that grows in society and perhaps humanity; all society should be based on the three grand words of human thought, Duty, Justice, and Reason. For us the cost of labor must be raised to where the worker has a proportional part of the boss’s profits because they contribute to the wealth of the latter.”
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two sources' arguments?
A. Raudot wants the state to intervene on behalf of increasing workers’ wages, whereas the weavers do not want the state to intervene.
B. Raudot does not want the state to intervene on behalf of increasing workers’ wages, whereas the weavers do want the state to intervene.
C. Raudot and the weavers both want the state to intervene to increase workers’ wages.
D. Neither Raudot nor the weavers want the state to intervene to increase workers’ wages.
B. Raudot does not want the state to intervene on behalf of increasing workers' wages, whereas the weavers do want the state to intervene.
Source 1
“When one man willfully gives to another, the latter appreciates the sacrifice that has been made in his favor, and a bond is established between he who gives and he who receives which leads to [social] tranquillity, harmony, and the conciliation of the classes. If, on the contrary, charity originates in taxes which take from one to give to others, this bond is no longer forged. In fact, the result will be bad feelings on both sides: [the rich] will be fed up, tired with, overwhelmed by taxes; [the poor] will no longer see the hand that gives, they will be led to believe that the resources of the state are unlimited, they will become more demanding, and will grow to hate a society which does not give enough. From there to social disorder, it’s not very far.”
Source 2
“What does the honest and hardworking worker want? It is to live by the work of his profession, to raise his family honestly, to give to our beloved France soldiers robust in body and spirit, and mothers who possess the moral energy to raise their children. It is greed that grows in society and perhaps humanity; all society should be based on the three grand words of human thought, Duty, Justice, and Reason. For us the cost of labor must be raised to where the worker has a proportional part of the boss’s profits because they contribute to the wealth of the latter.”
Which of the following best describes the position on the value of private charity seen in the two passages?
A. Raudot claims that relying on private charity will have a positive social outcome, whereas the weavers imply that private charity is insufficient to address their needs.
B. Raudot claims that relying on private charity will have a positive social outcome, and the weavers share this position.
C. Raudot claims that private charity is destructive to social relationships, whereas the weavers see it as valuable.
D. Raudot and the weavers’ union both agree that private charity is destructive to social relationships.
A. Raudot claims that relying on private charity will have a positive social outcome, whereas the weavers imply that private charity is insufficient to address their needs.
Source 1
“When one man willfully gives to another, the latter appreciates the sacrifice that has been made in his favor, and a bond is established between he who gives and he who receives which leads to [social] tranquillity, harmony, and the conciliation of the classes. If, on the contrary, charity originates in taxes which take from one to give to others, this bond is no longer forged. In fact, the result will be bad feelings on both sides: [the rich] will be fed up, tired with, overwhelmed by taxes; [the poor] will no longer see the hand that gives, they will be led to believe that the resources of the state are unlimited, they will become more demanding, and will grow to hate a society which does not give enough. From there to social disorder, it’s not very far.”
Source 2
“What does the honest and hardworking worker want? It is to live by the work of his profession, to raise his family honestly, to give to our beloved France soldiers robust in body and spirit, and mothers who possess the moral energy to raise their children. It is greed that grows in society and perhaps humanity; all society should be based on the three grand words of human thought, Duty, Justice, and Reason. For us the cost of labor must be raised to where the worker has a proportional part of the boss’s profits because they contribute to the wealth of the latter.”
Which of the following best describes how each source sees the consequences of the policies they advocate?
A. Raudot sees state intervention as leading to rebellion by ungrateful workers, while the weavers see state intervention as aiding France.
B. Raudot sees reliance on charity from the wealthy as insufficient to meet the needs of the workers, leading to social disorder, and the weavers share this view.
C. Raudot sees reliance on charity from the wealthy as sufficient to meet the needs of the workers, preventing social disorder, and the weavers share this view.
D. Raudot sees state intervention as preventing rebellion by ungrateful workers, while the weavers see state intervention as undermining French national unity.
A. Raudot sees state intervention as leading to rebellion by ungrateful workers, while the weavers see state intervention as aiding France.
The following question refers to the topic of conservatism in the nineteenth century.
Which of the following best explains Austrian foreign minister Klemens von Metternich's purpose in setting up the Concert of Europe?
A. To make Austria the strongest military power in Europe
B. To support cultural improvements as a way of promoting nationalism
C. To suppress lingering revolutionary sentiment in Europe
D. To bring about the unification of Germany
C. To suppress lingering revolutionary sentiment in Europe
The following question refers to the topic of conservatism in the nineteenth century.
Which of the following most directly led conservatives to develop a coherent conservative ideology in the early nineteenth century?
A. The desire to move away from traditional religious practices
B. The need to redefine relationships between landowners and the commercial class
C. The demands to restrain the excesses of Enlightenment radicalism
D. The feeling that the status quo of monarchical rule in Europe was unworkable
C. The demands to restrain the excesses of Enlightenment radicalism
The following question refers to the topic of conservatism in the nineteenth century.
Which of the following most directly challenged the conservative order established at the Congress of Vienna?
A. The Protestant religious revival associated with Methodism
B. The spread of nationalism to areas such as Germany
C. The development of industrial modernization programs such as Russia’s
D. The continued dominance of agricultural elites in eastern and southern Europe
B. The spread of nationalism to areas such as Germany
“II. Replacing the cult of God by respect and love of humanity, we proclaim human reason as the only criterion of truth; human conscience as the basis of justice; individual and collective freedom as the only source of order in society.
III. Freedom is the absolute right of every adult man and woman to seek no other sanction for their acts than their own conscience and their own reason, being responsible first to themselves and then to the society which they have voluntarily accepted.
V. The freedom of each is therefore only realizable in the equality of all. The realization of freedom through equality, in principle and fact, is justice.
VII. Absolute rejection of every authority including that which sacrifices freedom for the convenience of the state. . . . The political and economic structure of society must now be reorganized on the basis of freedom.
VIII. The political and economic organization of social life must not, as at present, be directed from the summit to the base . . . imposing unity through forced centralization.”
Based on the passage, Bakunin's ideology best reflects the emergence of which of the following ideologies?
A. Anarchism
B. Conservatism
C. Liberalism
D. Socialism
A. Anarchism
“II. Replacing the cult of God by respect and love of humanity, we proclaim human reason as the only criterion of truth; human conscience as the basis of justice; individual and collective freedom as the only source of order in society.
III. Freedom is the absolute right of every adult man and woman to seek no other sanction for their acts than their own conscience and their own reason, being responsible first to themselves and then to the society which they have voluntarily accepted.
V. The freedom of each is therefore only realizable in the equality of all. The realization of freedom through equality, in principle and fact, is justice.
VII. Absolute rejection of every authority including that which sacrifices freedom for the convenience of the state. . . . The political and economic structure of society must now be reorganized on the basis of freedom.
VIII. The political and economic organization of social life must not, as at present, be directed from the summit to the base . . . imposing unity through forced centralization.”
Article V's call for "equality in fact" is best seen as evidence for the influence of which of the following on Bakunin's thinking?
A. Liberal ideals of popular sovereignty
B. Socialist ideals of wealth redistribution
C. Marxist ideals of scientific and material determinism
D. Conservative ideals of renewed faith in religious authorities
B. Socialist ideals of wealth redistribution
“II. Replacing the cult of God by respect and love of humanity, we proclaim human reason as the only criterion of truth; human conscience as the basis of justice; individual and collective freedom as the only source of order in society.
III. Freedom is the absolute right of every adult man and woman to seek no other sanction for their acts than their own conscience and their own reason, being responsible first to themselves and then to the society which they have voluntarily accepted.
V. The freedom of each is therefore only realizable in the equality of all. The realization of freedom through equality, in principle and fact, is justice.
VII. Absolute rejection of every authority including that which sacrifices freedom for the convenience of the state. . . . The political and economic structure of society must now be reorganized on the basis of freedom.
VIII. The political and economic organization of social life must not, as at present, be directed from the summit to the base . . . imposing unity through forced centralization.”
Articles VII and VIII are best understood as a critique of which of the following?
A. The implementation of laissez-faire economic policies
B. The increase in government control and regulation of the economy
C. The increasingly global system of European trade
D. The rise in consumerism during the second industrial revolution
B. The increase in government control and regulation of the economy
Herbert Henry Asquith served as prime minister of Great Britain as the leader of the Liberal Party from 1908 to 1916.
Caption below the leftward-facing Asquith, looking at the king: “Citizen Asquith: ‘Down with privilege of birth! Up with democratic rule!’”
Caption below the rightward-facing Asquith, looking at the figure of the chained woman: “Monseigneur Asquith: ’The rights of Government belong to the aristocrats by birth—men. No liberty or equality for women!’”
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the poster's call for opposition to the Liberals without a recommendation for an alternative party or candidate?
A. The suffrage movement rejected participation in the electoral process.
B. The suffrage movement favored a return to a strong monarchy in Great Britain.
C. The suffrage movement did not have a major political party that represented its interests.
D. The suffrage movement favored an anarchist system of government.
C. The suffrage movement did not have a major political party that represented its interests.
Herbert Henry Asquith served as prime minister of Great Britain as the leader of the Liberal Party from 1908 to 1916.
Caption below the leftward-facing Asquith, looking at the king: “Citizen Asquith: ‘Down with privilege of birth! Up with democratic rule!’”
Caption below the rightward-facing Asquith, looking at the figure of the chained woman: “Monseigneur Asquith: ’The rights of Government belong to the aristocrats by birth—men. No liberty or equality for women!’”Which of the following groups at the time the poster was created would be most likely to support the suffrage movement?
A. Traditional conservatives, such as the Tories
B. Workers’ parties, such as the Labour Party
C. Nationalist groups, such as those in favor of Irish Home Rule
D. Bourgeois families, such as those influenced by the cult of domesticity
B. Workers' parties, such as the Labour Party
Herbert Henry Asquith served as prime minister of Great Britain as the leader of the Liberal Party from 1908 to 1916.
Caption below the leftward-facing Asquith, looking at the king: “Citizen Asquith: ‘Down with privilege of birth! Up with democratic rule!’”
Caption below the rightward-facing Asquith, looking at the figure of the chained woman: “Monseigneur Asquith: ’The rights of Government belong to the aristocrats by birth—men. No liberty or equality for women!’”
Which of the following was the most likely audience for the poster?
A. Dissatisfied Liberal voters
B. Women voters
C. Conservative voters
D. Radical Marxist revolutionaries
A. Dissatisfied Liberal voters
“To right-minded citizens, education was to be the panacea [cure-all] for London’s woes. The working classes might or might not emerge from the Crystal Palace* at Sydenham better-versed in the history of mankind than when they went in, but there were other ways of turning them into well-informed and well-behaved citizens. The first essential was to catch them young.
The Ragged Schools are among the least known of Victorian achievements. They took ragged . . . children and clothed and fed them, and taught them rudimentary social skills, [and] the three Rs plus a fourth, religion, instead of leaving the children to fester in the gutter. . . . Some teachers were private individuals who did what they could, with what lay to hand. . . . Many of the teachers were professed Christians working for Church organisations such as the London City Mission. . . . There was no state aid, except for the ‘industrial training,’ usually tailoring or shoe-making for boys, for which a small subsidy was available in a few schools.
In 1844 nineteen of the Ragged Schools in London joined to form a Ragged School Union, with Lord Shaftesbury as its President. This gave the movement considerable clout and attracted publicity and funds. . . . By 1869 there were 195 schools in the Union. This was the zenith of the movement, which crumbled after the 1870 Education Act established government-funded Board Schools.”
*The Crystal Palace was the site of a major industrial and technological exhibition in the 1850s.
The "woes" referred to in the first sentence of the passage are best explained as part of which of the following developments?
A. The large number of orphans after the wars against Napoleon
B. The increase in family sizes as a result of agricultural improvements
C. The increase in political radicalism after the French Revolution
D. The large increase in urban populations during the Industrial Revolution
D. The large increase in urban populations during the Industrial Revolution
“To right-minded citizens, education was to be the panacea [cure-all] for London’s woes. The working classes might or might not emerge from the Crystal Palace* at Sydenham better-versed in the history of mankind than when they went in, but there were other ways of turning them into well-informed and well-behaved citizens. The first essential was to catch them young.
The Ragged Schools are among the least known of Victorian achievements. They took ragged . . . children and clothed and fed them, and taught them rudimentary social skills, [and] the three Rs plus a fourth, religion, instead of leaving the children to fester in the gutter. . . . Some teachers were private individuals who did what they could, with what lay to hand. . . . Many of the teachers were professed Christians working for Church organisations such as the London City Mission. . . . There was no state aid, except for the ‘industrial training,’ usually tailoring or shoe-making for boys, for which a small subsidy was available in a few schools.
In 1844 nineteen of the Ragged Schools in London joined to form a Ragged School Union, with Lord Shaftesbury as its President. This gave the movement considerable clout and attracted publicity and funds. . . . By 1869 there were 195 schools in the Union. This was the zenith of the movement, which crumbled after the 1870 Education Act established government-funded Board Schools.”
*The Crystal Palace was the site of a major industrial and technological exhibition in the 1850s.
The emergence of the "Ragged Schools" in London best reflects which of the following developments?
A. The increasing use of public education to promote nationalism
B. The growth of charitable institutions addressing urban problems
C. The emergence of labor-based political advocacy groups
D. The development of mass-based political parties as advocates for social reform
B. The growth of charitable institutions addressing urban problems
“To right-minded citizens, education was to be the panacea [cure-all] for London’s woes. The working classes might or might not emerge from the Crystal Palace* at Sydenham better-versed in the history of mankind than when they went in, but there were other ways of turning them into well-informed and well-behaved citizens. The first essential was to catch them young.
The Ragged Schools are among the least known of Victorian achievements. They took ragged . . . children and clothed and fed them, and taught them rudimentary social skills, [and] the three Rs plus a fourth, religion, instead of leaving the children to fester in the gutter. . . . Some teachers were private individuals who did what they could, with what lay to hand. . . . Many of the teachers were professed Christians working for Church organisations such as the London City Mission. . . . There was no state aid, except for the ‘industrial training,’ usually tailoring or shoe-making for boys, for which a small subsidy was available in a few schools.
In 1844 nineteen of the Ragged Schools in London joined to form a Ragged School Union, with Lord Shaftesbury as its President. This gave the movement considerable clout and attracted publicity and funds. . . . By 1869 there were 195 schools in the Union. This was the zenith of the movement, which crumbled after the 1870 Education Act established government-funded Board Schools.”
*The Crystal Palace was the site of a major industrial and technological exhibition in the 1850s.
The enactment of the 1870 Education Act described in the passage is best understood as part of the
A. growth of nongovernmental education reform movements
B. increasing influence of Marxist critiques of economic inequality
C. assertion of conservative political values after the Congress of Vienna
D. intervention of governments into daily life to advance social and economic polices
D. intervention of governments into daily life to advance social and economic polices
Which of the following developments most directly facilitated the overall changes shown on the graph?
A. The unification of Germany
B. The First Industrial Revolution
C. The Second Industrial Revolution
D. The implementation of laissez-faire economic policies
C. The Second Industrial Revolution
Which of the following was the most direct cause of the overall trend in Russia's output, as shown in the graph?
A. The Russian Revolution of 1905
B. The spread of Marxist ideology
C. The continued influence of conservative Orthodox Christians in the government
D. The struggles of Russia’s modernization efforts against the dominant landowning interests
D. The struggles of Russia's modernization efforts against the dominant landowning interests
Which of the following was NOT a significant effect of the changes shown in the graph and the broader economic trends of which they were a part?
A. A shift in liberal ideology away from laissez-faire in favor of more government intervention
B. The spread of industrialization from Great Britain to the rest of Europe
C. The emergence of labor unions and movements promoting economic reforms
D. The growth of consumerism as more industrially manufactured goods became available
B. The spread of industrialization from Great Britain to the rest of Europe
