Ap Psych Final - YOU GOT THIS ON LOCK

Insane

This is not a medical term. It is a legal term for people who don't understand that what they did at the time was against the law.

DSM V

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It contains the symptoms of everything currenlty considered to be a psychological disorder.

Multiaxial approach

In the DSM V there are 5 axes which allows the psychologist to assess the client in a variety of ways.

anxiety disorders

Classification in the DSM V which include phobias, OCD, and PTSD

specific phobia

An intense unwarranted fear of a situation or object

Agoraphobia

Fear of open places; the person becomes afraid to leave his or her home.

Social phobia

Fear of a situation in which one could embarrass oneself in public; fear of being judged or evaluated by others

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Anxiety disorder that involves constant, low-level anxiety. People constantly feel nervous and out of sorts.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Anxiety disorder: Persistent unwanted thoughts cause someone to feel the need to engage in a particular action.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety Disorder: This usually involves flashbacks or nightmares following a person's involvement in or observation of an extremely troubling events such as war or natural disaster.

Somatoform Disorders

A classification of disorders that occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Such a person experiences a physical problem in the absence of alny physical cause.

Hypochondriasis

Type of somatoform disorder: The person has frequent physical complaints for which a doctor is unable to locate a cause. In addition the person may believe that minor problems are indicative of severe illness even after getting reassurance from the doctor.

Conversion disorder

Type of somatoform disorder: People will report the existence of a severe physical problem such as paralysis or blindness, and they will, in fact, be unable to move their arms or wee, but there is no biological reason for this problem that can be identified.

Dissociative Disorders

Classification: These disorders all share a disruption in conscious processing and gaps in memory.

Psychogenic Amnesia

Dissociative Disorder: This is when a person cannot remember things and there is no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.

Fugue

Dissociative Disorder: People suffer from psychogenic Amnesia but they also find themselves in an unfamiliar environment having started an entirely new identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Dissociative Disorder: Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, it is when a person has several personalities rather than one integrated personality.

Mood or Affective Disorders

Classification of disorder: People experience extreme or inappropriate emotions.

Eclectic Approach

Most clinical psychologists do not subscribe strictly to one perspective or another. They accept and use ideas from a number of different perspectives.

Obsession

Part of OCD: The unwanted thought that causes anxiety.

Compulsion

Part of OCD: The action the person does to alleviate the stress caused by the obsession.

Organic amnesia

Memory loss with a biological cause.

Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression)

Mood Disorder: It is the most common mood disorder. Unhappiness for more than two weeks in the absence of a clear reason. loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, and feelings of worthlessness.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Mood disorder: Depression, but only during certain times of the year, usually winter, when there is less sunlight.

Dysthymic Disorder

Mood disorder: Symptoms are similar to major depressive disorder, but are generally less intense. Diagnosis requires a depressed mood lasting at least two YEARS!

Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorder: Former known as manic depression. It usually involves both depressed and manic episodes.

Cognitive Triad

Created by psychologist Aaron Beck: It states that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures.

Learned helplessness

created by psychologist Martin Seligman: If people believe that they lack the ability to control their fate (No internal locus of control) they develop a sense of helplessness and depression will be a result.

Schizophrenia

It is the most severe and debilitating of the psychological disorders. It tends to strike people as they enter young adulthood.

Delusions of persecution

Symptom of Schizophrenia: beliefs that have no basis in reality. In this case, the belief that people are out to get you.

Delusions of grandeur

Symptom of Schizophrenia: The belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do.

Hallucinations

Symptom of Schizophrenia: perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation.

Disorganized Schizophrenia

(Former type of Schizophrenia - in the DSM V, the types of have been eliminated) - Odd uses of language, make up their own words, string together a series of nonsense words that rhyme, inappropriate affect and flat affect are common.

Paranoid Schizophrenia

(Former type of Schizophrenia - in the DSM V, the types of have been eliminated)- The key symptom is delusions of persecution.

Catatonic Schizophrenia

(Former type of Schizophrenia - in the DSM V, the types of have been eliminated) - Key symptom is odd movements. Patients remain motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and show waxy flexibility. Rare symptom of schizophrenia.

Waxy flexibility

Symptom of Catatonia: Patients will allow their body to be moved into any alternative shape and will then hold that new pose.

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

(Former type of Schizophrenia - in the DSM V, the types of have been eliminated) People that exhibit disordered thinking but no symptoms of one of the other types of schizophrenia

Dopamine hypothesis

One of the most popular ideas about the cause of schizophrenia: High levels of dopamine seem to be associated with schizophrenia and may lead to over activity in the frontal lobe

Tardive dyskinesia

Extensive use of antipsychotics which regulate dopamine may result in negative side effects including muscle tremors, stiffness, and this symptom which is involuntary, repetitive body movements

Manic Episode

Symptom of Bipolar: feelings of high energy, heightened sense of confidence and power, irritability, inflated sense of well-being, risky behavior.

Bipolar I

Mood Disorder: At least one manic state with multiple depressive states.

Bipolar II

Mood Disorder: At least one hypomanic state, which is a less severe manic state, with multiple depressive states.

Positive Symptom

A term usually associated with Schizophrenia. It refers to excess in behavior, thought, or mood and hallucinations. (Extra behaviors that should not be present in healthy people)

Negative Symptom

A term usually associated with Schizophrenia. It refers to deficits of behavior and thought including things like flat affect or catatonia.

Diathesis Stress Model

A model often applied to schizophrenia, but can be applied in other situations as well. It states that environmental stressors can provide the circumstances under which a biological predisposition for illness can express itself. It explains why one monozygotic twin can suffer from a disorder and another may not.

Personality disorders

DSM Classifications: These are well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people's ability to function.

antisocial personality disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder have little regard for other people's feelings. They view the world as a hostile place where people need to look out for themselves.

dependent personality disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder rely too much on the attention and help of others.

paranoid personality disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder feel persecuted.

narcissistic personality disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder see themselves as the center of the universe.

Histrionic personality disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder demonstrates only dramatic behavior.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder may be overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but don't have panic attacks.

Anorexia Nervosa

The basic symptom of this eating disorder is a loss of 15% or more of the average body weight for one's age and size, an intense fear of fat and food, and a distorted body image.

Bulimia

This eating disorder shares similar features with anorexia nervosa such as fear of food and fat and distorted body image. However, bulimics do not lose so much of their body weight. It commonly involves a binge-purge cycle.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

This is classified as developmental disorder: It deals with deviations from typical social development. From birth, children are slow to develop language skills and less likely to seek out parental support when distressed.

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

This is classified as a developmental disorder: children may have difficulty paying attention or sitting still. It occurs more commonly in boys.

The Rosenhan study

This study was conducted in 1978. A researcher and his associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals. All claimed to be hearing voices. All were admitted to the institutions as suffering from schizophrenia. It demonstrated the power of labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder show no interest in relationship with others; lack emotional responsiveness, are loners, and described as "cold and distant

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder Feels intense discomfort in close relationships

Borderline Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder show Instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image, impulsive, mood shifts, self-destructive behavior. They have a history of intense, stormy relationships. and feel slighted, become abusive, and suicidal

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder: People with this personality disorder desire relationships, but they fear the disapproval of others. They are shy, withdrawn, but unlike schizoid, they don't enjoy being alone. (fear of rejection and/or criticism)

Personality

Unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person.

Type A

This type of person tends to feel a sense of time pressure and are easily angered. They are competitive and ambitious; they work hard and play hard.

Type B

This type of person tends to be relaxed and easygoing. Less competitive.

Stage Theory

In these type of theories, development is thought to be discontinuous. Periods of growth are qualitatively different from one another and recognizable.

Freud's Psychosexual stage Theory

Freud's theory of personality development. it has five stages. Each of the stages is named for a part of the body from which people derive sexual pleasure during the stage.

Oedipus Complex

During the Phallic stage, boys sexually desire their mothers and view their fathers as rivals for their mothers' love.

Unconscious

In freudian theory, this the part of the mind we do not have access to. It is the largest part of the iceberg

ID

This is the part of our personality in the unconscious. it contains instincts and psychic energy. Our basic desires.

EGO

This part of our personality is in the conscious mind. Its job is to negotiate between the desires of the ID and the limitations of the environment.

SuperEgo

The last part of personality to form. It is located in the PreConscious. It is our conscience.

Defense Mechanisms

Methods the Ego uses to protect the conscious mind from threatening thoughts buried in the unconscious.

Oral Stage

The first Psychosexual stage (Birth to 1 year) children enjoy sucking and biting because it gives them a form of sexual pleasure

Anal Stage

The second Psychosexual stage (Age 1 to 3) children are sexually gratified by the act of elimination of waste.

Antal Retentive

This would occur due to the second psychosexual stage. AS an adult they would be meticulously neat, hyperorganized, and a bit compulsive.

Anal Expulsive

This would occur due to the Second Psychosexual stage. As an adult they would tend to be messy and disorganized

Phallic Stage

The third Psychosexual stage (Ages 3 to 5) Sexual gratification moves to the genitalia

Electra Complex

During the phallic stage, girls desire their fathers and see their mothers as competition for his love.

Genital Stage

The fifth Psychosexual stage (Puberty to adulthood) People seek sexual pleasure through sexual relationships with others.

Latency Stage

The fourth Psychosexual Stage. (6 years to puberty). Children push all their sexual feelings out of conscious awareness. During latency, children turn their attention to other issues like social and academic development.

Inecest Taboo

This occurs during the Genital Stage. Initially the Oedipus and Electra complexes return, but the child is old enough to know that that being their parent is not socially acceptable.

Pleasure principle

The Principle that guides the ID

Reality principle

The Principle that guides the EGO

Morality principle

The Principle that guides the SuperEgo

Thanatos

The death instinct that is contained in the ID. It is the desire for aggression.

Castration anxiety

During the phallic stage, boys will fear that if they misbehave they will be castrated. Boys specifically fear their fathers, because their father will find out they are in love with their mothers (wives)

Penis Envy

During the phallic stage, girls will notice the physical difference between girls and boys and develop a sense of inferiority to boys.

Identification

In order to move out of the phallic stage, boys will use this defense mechanism. It is when people emulate and attach themselves to an individual who they believe threatens them. It prevents boys from fearing their fathers.

Fixation

Freud suggest that children could get "stuck" in any of these stages. It would result from the libido being under gratified or over gratified.

Libido

The sexual drive. It is the driving force of Freud's personality theory/.

Eros

The life instinct contained in the libido. It is the desire for sex.

Oral Fixation

People would be fixated in Freud's first stage of development. As an adult they might overeat, chew gum, smoke, or any other mouth-related behavior.

Repression

Blocking thoughts out from conscious awareness

Denial

Not accepting the ego-threatening truth of reality

Displacement

redirecting one's feeling toward another person or object.

Projection

Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself.

Reaction Formation

Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels.

Regression

Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior.

Rationalization

Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence.

Intellectualization

Undertaking an academic, emotional study of a topic.