Intro to Anatomy

describe anatomical position

face forward, eyes forward, arms to side with palms forward

a longitudinal section is parallel to

long axis

a transverse section is a

cross section at right angle to long axis (straight across)

oblique section is

cuts made diagonally

proximal means

toward the trunk (point of attachment)

distal means

away from the trunk (point of attachment)

lateral means

away from midline

medial means

toward midline

Cranial means

toward the head

cephalid means

toward toes

caudal means

toward the tail

ventral means

toward belly (anterior)

dorsal means

toward the back (posterior)

superficial means

toward the surface

deep means

away from the surface

parietal means

toward the wall ( in relation to lungs - in contact with inner surface of lung membrane)

visceral means

away from the wall

central nervous system comprised of

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

coming off of brain/spinal cord

ipsilateral means

on the same side of the body (R arm and R leg)

contralateral means

on the opposite side of the body (left leg is contralateral to right arm)

describe extension

increases angle between body surfaces

describe flexion

decreases angle between body surfaces

abduction motion

away from medial plane

adduction motion

toward median plane

supination motion

lateral rotation of forearm/hand so palm faces forward

pronation motion

medial rotation of forearm/hand so palm faces down

inversion motion

sole of foot toward median plane

eversion motion

sole of foot away from median plane

what is protraction of scapula

moving forward and laterally

retraction of the scapula

scapula pulled medially

functions of skin

protection, containment (tissues/organs), heat regulation (sweat), sensation (superficial nerves), vitamin D

epidermis characteristics

superficial cellular level; avascular bc nourished by dermis; afferent nerve endings (touch pain and temp)

dermis characteristics

layers of collagen and elastic fibers (connective tissue layer); provide for tone and toughness of skin; hair follicles, goose bumps muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, wrinkle lines determined by collagen fibers

what is the superficial fascia

between skin and deep fascia; loose fatty connective tissue and stored fat; thermoregulation, contains sweat glands/blood vessels/lymphatics/cutaneous nerves, skin ligaments that determine mobility of skin

a partial thickness skinning reflects

epidermis and dermis, leave superficial fascia behind (fat)

full thickness cut means

all the way through the skin and fascia

describe the deep fascia

dense organized connective tissue, covers muscles, forms fascial compartments

the deep fascia helps make muscle action more efficient by

limiting outward expansion with contraction

what is spongy bone

trabecular, in medullary cavity, contains air spaces, contains red and yellow bone marrow

what is compact bone

dense/hard outer layer, no spaces, surrounds spongy bone and provides strength of bone

what are the organic components of bone

cells-osteoblasts/clasts

what are the inorganic components of bone

calcium and phosphate

osteoporosis is characterized by

decrease of organic and inorganic components - decreased quality of bone

osteomalacia is

bones become soft due to vitamin D deficiency, bone breaks down faster than it can reform

osteomalacia in adults is the equivalent to what in kids

rickets disease

axial skeleton consists of

skull, spine, sternum, and ribs

appendicular skeleton consists of

pelvic girdle and bones of LE, shoulder girdle and bones of UE

shape of long bones and examples

tubular; humerus and femur

shape of short bones and examples

cuboidal; bones in ankles and wrists

flat bones function and examples

protection; ribs, sternum, cranial cavity

examples of irregular bones

cranium, vertebrae

what are sesamoid bones

bones that develop in some tendons in which they live where they cross ends of bones, protect tendons from excessive wear, can change angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments

examples of sesamoid bones

patella, fabella, pisiform, under 1st metatarsal within flexor hallucis brevis tendons

what is the mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue/membrane of a bone

what are the two ways mesenchyme tissue is turned to bone

intramembranous ossification; intracartilaginous ossification

explain intramembranous ossification

mesenchyme turns directly to bone

what bones undergo intramembranous ossification

skull, mandible, and clavicles

explain intracartilaginous ossification

mesenchyme turns to cartilage first, then to bone via the epiphyseal plate

what bones under go intracartilaginous ossification

long bones

bones that develop via intracartilaginous ossification have

primary ossification centers

the primary ossification center is located in

center of future shaft prenatal; by birth it reaches end

what is the shaft of a bone called

diaphysis

secondary ossification centers occur when

after birth

secondary ossification centers are located in

epiphyses

what is the metaphysis

part of the diaphysis closest to the epiphysis, separates diaphysis from epiphysis so that they don't fuse to allow growth in length of bones

when do bones stop growing in females

when cartilage at plates are totally replaced by bones, usually by 18

when do bones stop growing in males

longer than in females, so usually taller

bones are vascularly supplied by

arteries, veins, and lymph vessels

bone arteries are located in the

metaphysis and epiphysis

what is the outermost layer of bone

periosteum

periosteal nerves in the bone detect

pain; the periosteum is very sensitive which is why fractures hurt

functions of bones

protection, support, movement, blood cells, storage, act as levers that muscles move, bone marrow makes blood cells, storage of calcium and phosphate

types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

types of fibrous joints

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

suture joints are composed of

short fibers that interdigitate with each other and connect, they are layers of fibrous tissue

syndesmosis joints are one sheet of

fibrous tissue

what is the interosseus membrane

fibrous joint of connective tissue (ex between ulna and radius)

gomphosis joints are

socket joints, tooth anchored by a ligament into the jaw

cartilaginous joints are united by

hyaline or fibrocartilage

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis, symphysis

what is the primary cartilaginous joint

synchondrosis (hyaline)

what is the secondary cartilaginous joint

symphysis (fibrocartilaginous)

examples of synchondrosis joints

epiphyseal plates, 1st sternocostal joint

examples of symphysis joints

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, manubrium to sternum

the 3 C's of synovial joints

cavity, cartilage, capsule

synovial cavity is filled with

synovial fluid

synovial joint cartilage

hyaline, no nerves or blood vessels

synovial capsule is lined by

synovial membrane

what are intrinsic ligaments

thickenings of the joint capsule

what are extrinsic ligaments

Ligaments that are not part of the joint capsule

types of synovial joints

hinge (elbow), ball and socket (hip), saddle (thumb), condyloid (knuckle), pivot (between C1/C2)

Hilton's Law states that

nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments

what sensations come from the articular nerves that supply a joint

pain and proprioception

blood supply to joints via

articular arteries, veins, and anastomoses

articular arteries get blood supply from

arteries around the joint and carry blood TO joint

what are anastomoses

larger networks of arteries formed from branches from different blood vessels connected with each other

veins and arteries TYPICALLY

accompany each other

structural difference between arteries and veins

arteries are hollow and squishy, veins have very thin walls like tissue paper (have collapsed in donor bodies)

describe the longitudinal skeletal muscle shape

fibers parallel to force generated (hamstrings)