Jeopardy Review for Final Exam

First line of defense

The structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens from entering the body.

Phagocytosis

The process of cells engulfing and destroying pathogens.

This leukocyte specifically targets bacteria.

Neutrophil

Toll-like receptors or TLR’s recognize this.

Pathogen associated molecular patterns or PAMPs

Complement

Series of proteins results in creation of the membrane attack complex.

IgG

The most common and most protective type of antibody.

The cell responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Cytotoxic T cell

Antigen

Molecules the body recognizes as foreign.

MHC

Group of glycoproteins found in animal cell membranes that activate B and T cells.

Opsonization

The coating of pathogen with antibodies leading to phagocytosis.

Contamination

The presence of microorganisms in or on the human body.

Commensalism

Type of symbiotic relationship that occurs when one organism benefits and the other is unharmed.

Asymptomatic

A term that describes a human carrier who does not appear to be sick.

Transient

Microorganisms that only remain in or on the body for a short period of time.

Microbial Antagonism

A term that describes the inability of a pathogen to establish an infection because of the presence of preexisting microbes.

Attenuated

Type of vaccine that can result in mild infections, but produces a robust immune response.

Herd immunity

A term that describes immunizing enough of the population to prevent further spread of a disease.

Adjuvant

A substance added to vaccines to help increase efficacy.

Passive Immunotherapy

The administration of preformed antibodies.

Hepatitis B uses this method of administration

Intramuscular

Sporadic

A disease that is rarely seen in the human population.

Type of epidemiology that determines the cause and mode of transmission of disease.

Analytical

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disease in a given period of time.

A name given when a pathogen circumvents a portal of entry.

Parental Route

Type of nosocomial infection occurs because of the use of anti microbial drugs.

Super infection

Symptom

Subjective characteristics only felt by patient.

Zoonosis

Disease that spread naturally from animal host to humans.

Pathogenicity

Ability of a microorganism to cause disease.

Convalescence

Stage of infectious disease that characterizes an individual who has recovered.

Mechanical vector

A type of transmission occurs when an arthropod passively transmits a disease to a human host.

The first vaccine ever created protected against this disease.

Small pox

This type of chemical bond is created when atoms gain or lose electrons.

Ionic

Cell walls of Bacteria contain this unique molecule.

Peptidoglycan

This person was the first in history to describe microorganisms.

Robert Hooke

This type of microscope has the lowest resolution.

Bright field

A cell that sources carbon from carbon dioxide and obtains energy from carbohydrates is called this.

Chemoautotroph

This is the process in which a bacterial cell grows to twice its original size and divides into two daughter cells.

Binary fusion

A microbe that grows best at human body temperature is called this.

Mesophile

This low-level germicide denatures proteins.

Heavy metals

This is the name for a compound extracted from a microbial culture, modified in a lab, and used as an oral medication.

Semisynthetic antibiotics

This term describes a microorganism that can survive without oxygen but its metabolic efficiency is reduced.

Facultative anaerobe

This survival structure is created by certain types of protozoans.

Cyst

The combination of the protein coat and DNA or RNA of a virus is called this.

Nucleocapsid

This is the largest and most diverse group in domain Bacteria.

Proteobacteria

Viruses are classified primarily based on this macromolecule.

Nucleic acid

Lichens are a combination of either Cyanobacteria or green algae and this type of microorganism.

Fungi

This stage of infectious disease occurs after infection and before signs and symptoms appear.

Incubation

This cell of innate immunity targets abnormal and virally infected cells.

Natural Killer cells

This substance helps boost the immune response triggered by a vaccination.

Adjuvant

This type of antibody is found in bodily secretions

IgA

The vague signs and symptoms of early viral infections are triggered by this type of cytokine.

Interferons

This virulence factor of Streptococcus pyrogenes is responsible for attachment to host cells.

M protein

A two-year old child presenting with congestion, pharyngitis, myalgia, coughing, fever most likely has this respiratory disease.

Flu

Roughly one-third of the human population is infected with this respiratory disease that is the leading killer of HIV positive individuals.

Tuberculosis

Porphyromonas gingival is is responsible for this disease.

Periodontal disease

This process occurs once every ten years with influenza viruses, resulting in completely new strains.

Antigenic shift

This is the use of microbes or their toxins against a human population.

Bioterrorism

A woman presenting with vaginal itching and a white homogenous discharge is experiencing this disease.

Vaginal Candidiasis

A widespread rash is a sign of this stage of syphilis.

Secondary stage

This protein/enzyme of HIV allows the virus to escape the endosome.

GP-41

This microorganism is responsible for the majority of urinary tract infections.

E-coli

The GP120 protein of HIV attaches to this molecule.

CD4 marker