immigration, abortion law

난민 (Refugee):

a person who flees their country due to war, and wants to get a protection in another country

망명 신청자 (Asylum Seeker):

someone who applies for protection in another country bc they fear persecution in their home country, but not yet theyre not legally recognize as a refugee

비자 (Visa):

a document that helps students stay in U.S. for a cetain period of time to study or work legally

영주권 (Green Card):

a doc that grants lawful permanent residency in the U.S.

출생시 시민권 (Birthright Citizenship):

Anyone born in U.S. can get a citizenship regardless their parents are not citizens (14th amendment)

귀화 (Naturalization):

the legal process where a non-citizen becomes a U.S. citizen. it includes test, interviews, an oath

Dreamers (DECA)

UNdocumented "immigrans who came to the U.S. as children. DECA gives them temporary protection from work permit, deportation

USCIS (U.S> citizenship and immigration serves)

• charge of citizenship and greencard

ICE (immigration and Customs enforcement)

charge of immigration laws inside the U.S.

CBP (customs and order protection)

secures borders, chcks for illegal entry

피난처 도시 (Sanctuary City):

A city the Federal government doesn’t cooperatewith immigration enforcement (won’t report undocumented immigrants)

트럼프 대 CASA 사건 (Trump v. CASA, 2022):

Trump asked immigrants for too much personal information, and CASA argued it could scare ppl away from applying for help or status legally. (the law got canceled after Biden became president)

프라이버시 권리 (Right to Privacy):

individual has a right to protect their privacy, personal choice without govt interference (it’s not explicitly written in the Constitution)

판례 존중 (Stare Decisis):

respecting previous case, decision

(Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965):

기혼 부부의 피임 사용을 금지한 법을 위헌으로 판결. 프라이버시 권리 인정.

(Roe v. Wade, 1973):

낙태를 헌법상 권리로 인정. 여성의 프라이버시권에 근거함. 미국 전역에서 낙태 합법화.

플랜드 페어런트후드 대 케이시 (Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 1992):

Roe 유지하지만 삼분기 기준 대신 생존 가능성 기준(viability)을 도입.
또한 과도한 부담(Undue Burden)이라는 새로운 기준도 제시.

삼분기 기준 (Trimester Test):

• 1분기(0–12주): 낙태에 대해 국가 개입 불가

• 2분기: 어머니의 건강을 위해 규제 가능

• 3분기: 생명 위협이 없으면 제한 가능

생존 가능성 기준 (Viability Test):

태아가 자궁 밖에서 살 수 있게 되는 시점 이후(보통 23~24주)에 낙태 제한 가능.

과도한 부담 (Undue Burden):

정부의 낙태 제한이 여성에게 과도하게 어렵거나 힘들게 만든다면 위헌.

돕스 대 잭슨 여성보건기구 사건 (Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health, 2022):

낙태는 헌법상 권리가 아니며, 이제는 각 주에서 낙태를 허용할지 금지할지 결정할 수 있음.