feudalism global final

where does the term feudum appear first

medieval latin around 9th century

what word does feudal refer to

a fief

fief

piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

feudal order

king + king’s knights → lord + lord’s knights → vassal + vassal’s knights → serf

king

owned all land in country and gave land called a fife to rich lords and nobles

lords and nobles

supply king with soldiers and horses for his army, and gave some to soldiers

knights

fought for nobles and king

serfs

worked land for nobles and knights who in turn offered them protection

clergy

cardinal → cardinals → bishops → priests

manorialism

economic system used during middle ages, distinct regime

how did lord use manorialism

exercises legal and economic control over the peasants

how was trade during middle ages

declined so manors filled economic need, self sufficient

clergy

body of people ordained

laity

body of religious worshipers

doctrine

official body of teachings from the church

secular

non religious/worldly things

sacraments

religious rites that followers had to perform if they wished to go to heaven

baptism

confirmation

priest conducts marriage

canon law

church law, applied to religious teachings to clergy, marriages, moral behavior

excommunication

exclusion from church

beliefs of catholics

sacraments, canon law, excommunication, interdiction

monasteries and convents

places of strict religious worhsip in isolated areas

benedictine rule

set of rules for monks and nuns

duties of monks

purity, chastity, poverty

st peter

one of twelve disciples of jesus christ

jesus’ successor

st peter

first bishop of rome

st peter

how did rome become the center of religious authority

st peter was crucified there

what does charlemagne mean

charles the great

dynasties during middle ages

merovingian dynasty, carlingian dynasty

dates for merovingian dynasty

509-751

carolingian dynasty

751-843

timeline of franks

clovis I, charles martel, childeric III, end, → carolingian

fleur de lis

symbol of royalty

codex

painting of clovis Ist baptism

when was the codex created

1330

what does the codex represent

dove few in with anointing oil or with a lily etc to represent fleur de lis

carolingian dynasty

pepin the short, charlemagne

how was charlemagne crowned

crowned by holy roman emperor

missi dominici

lords used to oversee peasants

scriptorium

workshop for manuscripts

carolingian renaissance

valued knowledge and education

make his capital a second rome

copied ancient manuscripts

spread christianity

alcuin of york

ran the palace school

successor of charlemagne

louis the pious

treaty of verdun

divided charlemagne’s empire among his successors

what did the treaty of verdun cause

carolingian empire collapsed

relationship betwn charlemagne and the pope

power struggle

king protects pope

pope crowns pope

cluny reforms

gave the church more power in the 900s

abbot berno of cluny

revived benedictine rules

excluded nobles from monastary affairs

only filled monasteries w/ devoted monks

dictatus papae

only the pope has power to invest bishops etc

pope can depose kings

all princes must kiss feet of pope

church is infallible

how does king henry the fourth counter pope gregory’s argument

kings and archbishops should elect popes bc of consent of the ppl

lay investiture

kings appointed bishops to their positions

when is henry excommunicated

1076

what does henry do after getting excommunicated

begs for forgiveness

concordat of worms

church could elect bishops

king still had the right to give them fiefs

who gets to try the clergy

henry IIwanted to be able to try clergy in royal courts

archbishop of canterbury apposed him

should clergy be subject to taxes

came up in france

conflict big sad

overall themes betwn pope and king

quarrel goes on for few hundred years

church wins most

power of the monarchs will grow

missionary

person sent on a religious mission to promote the spread of christianity, often by whatever means necessary

popular religion

practiced by the masses

practices of the upper classes

or unique to a particular community or social classes

altar

where commuion takes place

pews

where the common folk sit ig

rood/choir screen

ornate screen that separates altar from rest of church

what language was spoken during mass

Latin

problems with mass at the time

only basic understanding of faith

lack of priests so o consistent mass

7 sacraments

baptism

confirmation

eucharist

penance

anointing of the sick

holy orders

matrimony

saints

holy ppl

how many saints were canonized from 1-1500

2,126

types of saints

angels

martyrs

desert fathers

monks/nuns/theologians

relics

the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangible memorial

pilgrimage

journey to a shrine

three most important pigrimage sites

jerusalem, rome, santiago de compostela

crusades dates

1096-1291

crusades

series of holy wars launched by christian states against muslims in the kingdom of jerusalem

seljuk empire dates

990-1269

where was jerusalem during the crusades

seljuk

how did muslims treat christians in the holy land

prohibited reconstruction of church

how did western europe get involved in fight

byzantine emperior asked for help

why did western europe agree to fight

untie western christians who were once divided

popes and monarchs were competing for power

power play against the antipope

why was it difficult for western europeans to fight in the middle east

had to cross long distances

difficult to cross terrain

hard to transport ppl and goods

might come into contact w/enemies unprepared

fight w/byzantines

how did crusades change life in jerusalem

anti jewish riots etc

how did pope urban’s policy of forgiveness affect warefare

motivation

how did christians and muslims treat each other during the crusades

both used violence

both tried to garner support and demonizing other side

religious intolerance

what names did europeans use to motivate christians

infidels, wars=crusades

what anmes did the muslims use to motivate them

europeans= barbarians, wars=a jihad

results of crusades

1099 AD, chrstians captured jerusalem

christians and muslims formed a treaty

2nd crusades, battle of hattin

after christian violation of treaty, muslim forces retaliate

how did muslims win battle of hattin

slaughtered tired and thirsty troops and blocked them off

saladin

muslim leader who led his army to capture jerusalem

merciful

discouraged killing of civilians

richard the lionheart

reluctant king/forced many threats to his kingship at home

lived a warrior’s life

used england as a resource base to fund attempts to win back holy land

muslims after siege of acre, 1191

richard had 2000 muslim captains killed

results of 3rd crusades

richard marched onto jerusalem but turned around

truce w/saladin

reasons for christian failure

byzantine emperor and catholic pope disagreed

trek was too long

christians lacked people to populate areas

lost spirit

short term effects of failure at crusades

christian pride is hurt but people are still pious

long term affects of crusades

people begin to reflect on the crusades and question their faith as more and more similar dark things occur

how did crusades alter economic

more trade routes from middle east+ brought in culture

social changes in western europe as a reuslt of crusades

exposed to muslim learning = look into works of ancients

exposed to new cultures + wider worldview

economic changes

increased trade with byzantine

new products

new conomy

debt except for italy

political changes

feudal system declines

feudal kings gain more power

byzantine resntment of west

byzantine empire never recovers