IB History Q1

emergence of prussia, french revolution, napoleonic wars, congress of vienna, german unification, nationalism, building up to ww1

95 theses

95 theses

written by Martin Luther in 1517 to criticize the Catholic Church (indulgences)

protestant reformation

sparked by Luther's theses being spread through Germany. the North becomes primarily Lutheran

calvinism

ultimate destination is predetermined, God is omnipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient

defenestration of prague

czechs in bohemia decide to break away (nationalism) from Austria-Hungary, throw German emissaries out a window, starts 30 years war

30 years war

1618-1648, last religious war. czech rebellion is quicky wiped out, continued fighting by several countries completely destroys germany

peace of westphalia

ends 30 years war, says the ruler of an area determines the religion

louis xiv

the sun king, built Versailles to consolidate French power by controlling the nobles

hohenzollerns

ruling family of Brandenburg/Prussia

prussianism

modernizing the bureaucracy and military of Prussia by the hohenzollerns

Friedrich Wilhelm “the great elector”

1640-1688 makes deal with junkers to get tax money to modernize

junker tax deal

Friedrich Wilhelm the great elector offers:

1. complete control of serfs

2. sons become officers in prussian army

3. safety and security from modern army

Duke Friedrich III

1688-1713 becomes King in Prussia while still being Duke in Brandenburg

Friedrich Wilhelm I

soldier king, king of Prussia (official position), makes a strong military, abusive father

Friedrich II

the great 1740-1786. poet and philosopher king. gay af. enlightenment ideals (Voltaire is tutor), writes anti-machiavel treatise. also good commander — “fritz” by soldiers

Charles VI

Austrian emperor, no male heirs, uses pragmatic sanction to get around salic law and make daughter Marie Theresa ruler

pragmatic sanction

asks for approval from other countries to accept new female ruler

salic law

man has to be ruler (German)

wars of Austrian sucession

Friedrich the great invades silesia using salic law as an excuse, doubles the territory of prussia

3 estates

french representatives from the nobility, clergy, and peasantry

nobles of the sword

old money french nobility — titles from battle

nobles of the rope

new money french nobility — paid for positions

king louis xvi

generally a bad ruler — indecisive, disconnected from common people (lived in versailles)

marie antionette

austrian wife of louis xiv, disliked because of her lavish lifestyle, didn’t have kids until several years into the marriage (not her fault tho)

jacque necker

french financial advisor to the king — told louis xvi that he needed to tax nobility to ensure that france did not go bankrupt

estates general

came together in 1789 to discuss stuff, 3rd estate (commoners) locked out of the meeting

doubling the third

movement calling for doubling the size of the 3rd estate so it has equal representation to the aristocracy

tennis court oath

3rd estate vows not to disband until a constitution is created after being kicked out of the estates general

declaration of the rights of man and citizen

written by the third estate — creates the idea of a citizen of a nation, rather than a subject of a monarch

goals of the first revolutionaries

constitutional monarchy, constitution, taxing the nobles

storming the bastille

working class hears of the 3rd estate and attacks the fort/prison of bastille and murders all the guards

march of the fishwives

party in versailles that disrespects the revolutionary movement gets crashed by a bunch of murderous working class women who want to kill marie antionette (let them eat cake), force the royal family to move to paris

tuileries

castle where the royal family stayed in paris — ideally here they could see the suffering of the working class

declaration of pillnitz

austria and prussia create this declaration saying that if the french royal family is harmed, they will invade and crush the revolution. written by leopold ii and friedrich wilhelm ii

joseph ii

marie antionette’s brother and a very liberal king, would’ve supported the french revolution if he hadn’t died a few years prior (1790), called the peasant king

edict of idle institutions

primarily targeted monasteries and nunneries, shut them down if they didn’t benefit society to create schools, hospitals, etc

flight to varennes

royal family tries to flee to austria but is caught and arrested by the revolutionaries — before they left, louis xvi wrote that he would destroy the revolution — committed treason

jacobins

radical section of revolutionaries, led by maximillian robespierre, jean paul marat, and georges danton

guillotine

“enlightened” method of execution

execution of louis xvi

january 1793, begins the reign of terror

reign of terror

1793-1794, more than 35,000 people killed (primarily peasantry actually) led by the committee of public safety whose head is robespierre, de-christianized the country, created its own calendar

law of the maxim

made a maximum grain price to appease the working class — angered peasantry because it seemed like the revolution worked against them for the working class

emigres

french nobility who fled the country fearing peasant uprisings

enrages

super violent members of the revolution who ate gunpowder and literally tore people apart

georges danton

reign of terror ended when robespierre turned on him, thought the reign of terror was getting to be too much, and then other allies feared that the same thing would happen to them

thermidorian reaction

allies turn on robespierre, he is arrested and killed

directory

5 man board that gains control 1794-99 led by napoleon

jean paul marat

one of the most radical revolutionaries, lived in the sewers for a while :\

josephine bonaparte

originally marat’s lover, marries napoleon despite not loving him, napoleon is obessed with her though

strengths of napoleon’s army

doesn’t use supply lines, fast messenger/news network, relentless — doesn’t fight fair

battle of trafalgar

big naval battle between britian (who has the best navy in the world) and france, totally obliterates the french navy

tsar alexander i

leads the russian troops in a fight against napoleon — young and unexperienced commander

battle of austerlitz

napoleon’s battle against russian troops in austria that he wins despite russia’s army being double the size of his own

son of revolution

Napoleon, made France accept him as emperor

main french revolution ideals

liberty, equality, fraternity, meritocracy

napoleon’s main goal

target england — need to hold the english channel

national flotilla

napoleon built this 1801-1805 in the rivers of france — too cold, damaged the ships

louisiana territory

napoleon sells this to the US in 1803 for 15 million dollars to finance his flotilla

battle of trafalgar

1805, napoleon tries to move his ships from cadiz to italian port, attacked by lord horatio nelson, fleet is destroyed

continental conquest

first defeats austria (battle of austerlitz) 1805 and then prussia in 1806

berlin/milan decrees (continental system)

economic warfare against britain — allyship with prussia and austria, no one trades with britain

orders-in-council

britain responds to the continental system by seizing ships and stuff

treaty of tilsit

created between napoleon and tsar alexander i, russia becomes part of the continental system

marie louis

napoleon divorces josephine and marries an austrian, daughter of francis ii

ideas spread by napoleon

constitutionalism, nationalism, concept of citizenship

grand duchy of warsaw

created where poland was before the partitions of poland to offset the power of russia and create a place for polish people

french grand armee

main advantages — hits fast, has no supply train, huge and multinational — 500,000-700,000 people

napoleon invasion of russia

tsar alexander i starts trading with britain again in 1812, napoleon and grand armee invade russia. slash and burn by the tsar leaves the french army without resources. moscow is empty when they arrive. end up forced to leave during the russian winter. really bad. napoleon abandons troops and heads back to paris

battle of leipzig (battle of nations)

coalation of prussia, russia, and austria defeat napoleon in 1813

congress of vienna

1814 — exiles napoleon to elba, restore french monarchy, take back territoryexile

exile to elba

the island is literally in french territory. what tf did you think was gonna happen.

louis xviii

constitutional monarch of france put in place by the congress of vienna. actually a fairly solid ruler until he dies in 1824

hundred days

napoleon regains control of france and reassembles an army

battle of waterloo

british and prussians defeat napoleon again

st. helena

napoleon is exiled here in the south atlantic — british controlled island, dies here in 1821

confederation of the rhine

created from the disorganized german lands (kingdom of westphalia)

main goals of the congress of vienna

restoration, reaction, legitimacy

klemens von metternich

austrian foreign minister, representative at the congress of vienna. very conservative, fears nationalism

age of metternich

1814-1848. censorship to disperse nationalism, wants to recreate france before the revolution (ancien regime)

marquis de talleyrand

advocates for france to stay together as a nation rather than split up between the other countries (nationalism would cause more issues)

chamber of peers and chamber of deputies

bicameral legislature that rules with louis xviii. appointed officials represent a small part of the french population because only a small number of people can vote

concert of europe

predecessor to the EU. 1814-1853 (ended by the crimean war)

holy alliance

regain strength of the church as a stabilizing agent in europe — includes orthodox church as well

romanticism

rejection of enlightenment reason for emotion and feeling — response to the radicalism of the past era

hapsburgs

rulers of austria (ethnically german)

major ethnic groups in austria

germans, hungarians, poles, czechs, italians, slovaks

burschenschaften movement

spread of nationalism throughout universities for unified idenities

young germany movement

nationalist movement calling for the unification of germany and ethnic germans

karlsbad decrees

heavy-handed censorship by metternich to stop the spread of nationalism 1819

german confederation

created as a replacement to the holy roman empire, which dissolved in 1806 because of napoleon. serves as a unifying body over the german lands

zollverein

toll-free trade throughout the germanic lands instituted by prussia, excludes austria

charles x

becomes king after louis xviii, reactionary and very conservative — wants to increase the power of the church

white terror

violence against peasants and revolutionaries by returning emigres in france while they retake their manors and lands

first industrial revolution

you know what this is :\
creates new middle classes — proletariat and bourgeoisie

enclosure

nobility begin taking common lands that were previously used by peasantry — forces peasants to move to industrial cities

july ordinances

passed by charles x in 1830 for extreme censorship, dissolves the chamber of deputies and calls for new elections (with higher requirements to vote on the chamber of deputies — ensures only higher class representation)

revolution of 1830

sparked by the july ordinances, started by middle class liberals, return of revolutionary symbols (and new painting — liberty leading the masses), charles x flees to england

bourbon dynasty

dynasty of french kings that lasts until charles x flees the country

louis philippe of the house of orleans

a distant cousin of charles x, beomes king after charles flees, called the “citizen king” or bourgeoisie king

francois guizot

prime minister under louis philippe, hated by the middle classes

utopian socialism

tries to improve the lives of the working class proletarians