Bio Tech Unit 1 Exam

if those idiots can get an A, so will you.

Define biotech and list a few examples from the past/present/future

Past: Leeches, Vaccines, Medicine. Present: Covid Vaccine, selective breeding. Future: Designer Babies, advanced prosthetics.

3 pieces of evidence to support this claim: “viruses, though not fully alive, verge on life”

-They evolve

-They reproduce within a host

-Viruses can die

List 3 ways viruses can differ, then compare and contrast Ebola and HIV

Differ: who and what they affect, method of transition, whether or not they have a vaccine.

Ebola: deadly/severe, less likely to spread (transmission only when symptomatic)

Both: African origin, stigma

HIV: no vaccine, can live with HIV for a long time, attack white blood cells, STD

What is a genome?

Genome: The complete set of genetic instructions characteristic of a type of organism, including protein- encoding genes and other DNA sequences

PGD (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis)

They are called designer babies because the parents can choose the traits they want for their baby

Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA

DNA: Double stranded, codes for RNA, deoxyribose, Tsymine, very stable

RNA: single stranded, encodes for proteins, cytoplasm, unstable

Both: Nucleic acids that carry genetic information, both are made of nucleotides, both use bases GCA,

What would graphs look like for people who are lactase persistent vs. lactase unpersistant?

Lactase persistent: glucose levels increase over time

Lactase unpersistant: glucose level stays the same over time

Explain how bacteria make yogurt via anaerobic fermentation?

The bacteria (anaerobic) break down lactose into lactic acid, which lowers PH causing casein to denature

What is fermentation?

Fermentation is a biochemical process that converts carbohydrates into alcohol or acids in the absence of oxygen, primarily used by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria.

Explain what happens in the test tube from the yogurt lab: (a) milk and yogurt and amplicillin(B) milk and probiotic

A) Milk, yogurt and ampicillin: all the bacteria are killed so there are no bacteria

B) milk+ probiotic: caused it to turn into yogurt

Define each term and then rank them from smallest to largest: (a) nucleotide (B) gene (C) chromosome (D) genome

Smallest: Nucleotide (A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA)

next: gene (chemical instructions to build protein, section of DNA that codes for protein or traits)

Next: chromosome: 23 pairs, contain all your genes coiled

next: genome: (ALL genetic information in a person)

Largest: gene pool (collection of many genomes)

Define gene

bio-chemical instructions that tell cells how to make proteins

Define nucleus

structure that contains most of a cell’s DNA

Cell

basic unit of life

heredity

transmission of traits and biological info between generations

genome

the complete set of genetic instructions characteric of a type of organism, inclduing protein- encoding genes and other DNA sequences

exome

tiny slice of a genome that is responsible for many aspects of health and other traits

genomics

analyzing and comparing genomes constitutes the field of genomics

bioethics

addresses concerns that arise from the use of new genetic technologies, including tests, treatments, privacy, and discrimination

somatic cells

(non-sex cell) has 23 pairs of chromosomes, equaling two complete sets of genetic info

autosome

1 to 22, do not differ between sexes

sex chromosomes

X and Y

karyotype

charts that display the chromosome pairs from large to small

mendelian trait

Mendelian traits are human traits that are substantially influenced by Mendelian inheritance, which refers to the inheritance of traits controlled by a single gene with two alleles.

complex (aka multifactorial) trait

determined by 1 or more genes and environmental factors

differentiation

use/expression of different subsets of genes to manufacture protein

tissue

groups of cells

stem cells

divide to yield another stem cell and a cell that differentiates

chromosome

Very long DNA sequences from 23 pairs of structures in human cells

transcription

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. It involves copying the genetic information stored in DNA into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is essential for gene expression, as it allows the information in DNA to be translated into proteins

RNA

include 5th type of base (U) in place of the T in DNA

translation

each 3 RNA baes in a row of messenger RNA attract another type of RNA

CFTR

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductor

SNP

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SNP stands for "single nucleotide polymorphism." It refers to a variation in a single DNA building block (nucleotide) that occurs in more than 1% of a population. SNPs are the most common type of genetic variation among people and can influence health, disease, and other traits.

genotype

the allele combinations in an individual that causes traits or diseases

phenotype

the EXPRESSION of a gene in traits of symptoms

dominant

a gene variant expressed when present in one copy

recessive

An allele that must be present on both chromosomes of a pair to be expressed

pedigree

A chart of symbols connected by lines that depicts the genetic relationship of the inherited traits from family

biobank

stores biological samples or DNA sequence data

microbiome

pathogens and species of microbiomes that live in or on the body

precision medicine

selecting treatments that are more likely to work for a specific student

What does CF stand for?

CF= cystic fybrosis caused by affect in gene that results in a blocked channel/messed up fibrosis

compare and contrast CF with huntingtins disease

CF: lung tissue

HD: Dominant, in the brain

Both: genetic mutation that is caused by a protein defect