Flashcards Anatomy Unit 1 Introduction Quiz Study Guide | Quizlet

Anatomy

structure

Physiology

function

what does the statement structure follows function

the way something is shaped is based off of the function it has to do

all cells are ------- depending on what function they need to perform

different

3 different types of cells

transportation, transmission, contraction/movement

What is anatomical position?

Person standing erect, palms facing forward, face forward, arms at side

Every anatomical term refers to this position.

Midline

Imaginary mid-line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Trunk

Chest and Abdomen

Anterior (or ventral)

Towards the front of the body

Posterior (Or dorsal)

Towards the back of the body

Ipsalateral

On same side of the body

Contralateral

On different of the body

Medial

Closer to midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Superficial

Near the surface of the body

Deep

More internal in the body

Proximal

Part that is closer to trunk in relationship to another part

ONLY refers to arms and legs

Distal

Part farther away from trunk in relationship to another part

ONLY refers to arms and legs

Superior

Above another part

ONLY refers to head and trunk

Inferior

under another part

ONLY refers to head and trunk

Body cavities

open area in the body

Viscera

organs within cavities

Dorsal

pertaining to the back (posterior)

Ventral

pertaining to the front (anterior)

Axial portion of the body

Head, neck, and trunk

All cavities we will talk about

Appendicular portion

Upper and lower limbs

Cranial Cavity

houses brain

Vertebral category

Houses spinal cord and vertebral column

Thoracic category

Houses lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Abdominal category

Houses stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines

Pelvic category

Contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Diaphragm

A huge muscle that separates the Thoracic cavity from Abdominopelvic cavity

Other cavities in the head

Oral

Nasal

Orbital

Middle Ear

Sinus

Levels of organization

atoms

molecules

organelles

cells

tissue

organs

organ systems

organism

Atoms

carbon

Molecules

atoms bound together

Macromolecules - combination of molecules

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats

Nucleic Acids

organelles

macromolecules that make up a cell

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

cells

made up of organelles

Basic unit of structure and function

Muscle

Nervous

Skin

Bone

tissue

group of cells that have a common function

Connective tissue

organs

groups of different tissues, complex structures with specialized functions

Heart

Lungs

Stomach

Pancreas

organ systems

groups of organs that function closely together

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Digestive system

organism

made of interacting organ systems

Human body

integumentary system structure

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

integumentary system purpose

protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house certain receptors, synthesize products

skeletal system structure

bones, ligaments, and cartilages

skeletal system function

provide framework, protection, serve as attachments for muscles, movement

muscular system structure

muscles

Muscular system function

movement, help maintain posture, primary source of body heat

nervous system structure

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

nervous system function

nerve impulses which leads to communication in body, brain to body, respond to stimuli

endocrine system structure

all the glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones)

endocrine system function

to effect metabolism of target cells

cardiovascular system structure

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

cardiovascular system function

pump blood throughout body, transport gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes

lymphatic system structure

lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen

lymphatic system function

defend body against infections by removing pathogens

digestive system structure

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine

digestive system function

receive foods, break them down into simpler forms so our body can use it

respiratory system structure

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

respiratory system function

takes air in and out, exchange gases

urinary system structure

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system function

remove wastes, maintain body's water and electrolyte balance

reproductive system structure

different for male/female

reproductive system purpose

produce offspring

How many different body planes are there?

Three body planes

Sagittal Plane

Imaginary line that separates the body into right and left halves.

Example of moving in the sagittal plane

walking

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Imaginary line that separates the body into top and bottom halves.

example of moving in the transverse plane

Rotating, twisting is an example of a movement in this plane.

coronal (front) plane

Imaginary line that separates the body into front and back halves.

example of moving in the coronal plane

Moving your arm out to the side is a movement in this plane.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant internal environment in the human body.

Extracellular Fluid definition

The fluid outside the cells is called the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid). (extra = outside cell)

what does extracellular fluid do

This extracellular fluid protects our cells from external changes (outside the body).

For example: when outside is hot, we sweat (release water).

homeostatic mechanisms

The body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control mechanisms. These are called homeostatic processes.

two processes of homeostasis

Negative Feedback System

Positive Feedback System

There are MANY more negative feedback loops in the body than positive.

receptors

Provide information to the body about stimuli (conditions occurring to the body)

control center

Tells a particular value that the body should be.

Has a set point (i.e. body temperature at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit)

effectors

Cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

Muscles and glands

negative feedback

This is when the body is taken away from a set point.

The set point is when the body is in a stable condition.

Thus when taken away from this point, wants to go back to it.

examples of negative feedback

Hot weather outside or body is overheated (over 98.6° F).

Results =

The body sweats to cool body down.

Shunts blood to skin in order to release heat outside the body.

Body stays at 98.6.

Positive feedback

This is when the body goes away from normal state.

example of positive feedback

When you cut yourself, your body needs to stop the bleeding (maintain a stable internal environment).

Builds a blood clot.

This is not normal.

Delivering a baby

Contractions