[PSYC26] Childhood Disorders (up until Separation Anxiety)

Mental Retardation

The DSM-IV-TR term for Intellectual Disability

Persistent Developmental Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder was formerly named _________ in the DSM-IV-TR

Conduct disorder and Oppositional defiant disorder

Disruptive, impulsive control, and conduct disorders were formerly labeled as ______ in the DSM-IV-TR

Feeding disorders of infancy or early childhood

Feeding and Eating Disorders (DSM-5) was formerly labeled _______ in the DSM-IV-TR

Externalizing disorders

Outward-directed behaviors; including attention-deficit/hyperactivity, conduct, oppositional defiant disorders

Internalizing

Inward-direct behaviors; childhood anxiety and mood disorders

Peak expiratory flow

Assessment of airway obstruction obtained by taking a deep breath

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Child constantly in motion, has difficulty concentrating, difficulty controlling activity, difficulty getting along with peers, has poor social skills, aggressive behavior, and self-overestimation of performance, interact even when not face-to-face is also impaired among children with ADHD

Stephen Hinshaw

A renowned developmental psychopathology researcher and expert on mental illness stigma. Conducting one of the largest ongoing studies of girls with ADHD

Predominantly inattentive presentation, Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, Combined presentation

Three specifiers for ADHD

Predominantly inattentive presentation

An ADHD specifier wherein children whose problems are primarily those of poor attention

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation

An ADHD specifier wherein children whose difficulties result primarily from hyperactive/impulsive behavior

Conduct disorder

Co-occurs with ADHD — off-task behavior in school, cognitive and achievement deficits, and better long-term prognosis

30%

Percentage of ADHD patients that have comorbid internalizing disorders

ADHD prevalence estimates

8-11%

SNAP-25

Gene that codes for protein that promotes plasticity of neuron synapses

DDRD4, DRD5, DAT1

Dopamine genes that are associated with increased risk only when prenatal maternal nicotine or alcohol use is present

Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, frontal lobes

Areas of the brain that are smaller in children with ADHD

Low birth weight

Perinatal/prenatal of ADHD development

Food additives

may influence ADHD symptoms, such as artificial food coloring

Stimulants (Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta, Strattera)

Main type of medication for ADHD treatment

Dopamine system

Most affected by ADHD; medications mainly interact with this system

Multimodal Treatment of Children w/ ADHD

Combined treatment of medication and behavioral treatment lightly better than medication alone and yielded improved functioning

Parental training and classroom management

Psychological treatments that brings short-term success in improving social and academic behavior

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED)

Recurrent verbal or physical aggressive outbursts that are out of proportion to the circumstances; aggression is impulsive and not preplanned

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Loses temper, argumentative, lack of compliance to requests, deliberately aggravates others, angry, vindictive, spiteful, touchy; often comorbid with ADHD

Conduct disorder

Focuses on aggressive behaviors: Physical cruelty to people or animals; Serious rule violations; Property destruction; Deceitfulness; Behavior is marked by callousness, viciousness, and lack of remorse; Diagnostic specifier: “limited prosocial emotions”

Moffitt’s Two Courses of Conduct Problems

Explains two possible lifetime trajectories/patterns of Conduct Disorder

Lifetime course persistent pattern

One of the two courses of conduct problems; have the most severe problems (i.e., psychopathology, poorer physical health, lower socioeconomic status, lower levels of education, partner and child abuse, and violent behavior); Associated with more severe neuropsychological deficits and family psychopathology

Adolescence limited

One of the two courses of conduct problems; Result of a maturity gap between the adolescent’s physical maturation and his or her opportunity to assume adult responsibilities and obtain the rewards usually accorded such behavior

Adolescent onset

 A more appropriate term for this group of people; continue to have troubles with substance use, impulsivity, crime, and overall mental health in their mid-20s 

Aggressive behavior

The more heritable component of conduct disorder

Rule-breaking behavior

Genetics played more of a role in this kind of behavior for twins raised in wealthier neighborhoods

MAOA and 5HTTLPR

Serotonin genes linked to antisocial behavior

MAOA

releases an MAO enzyme which metabolizes several neurotransmitters

amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex

Reduced activation these regions associated w/ emotion and reward:

Lower levels of resting skin conductance and heart rate

found among adolescents w/ CD, suggesting lower arousal levels > Adolescents who exhibit antisocial behavior may not fear punishment

Dodge’s Cognitive Theory of Aggression

Social information processing of aggressive children had a hostile bias; Interpretation of ambiguous acts (e.g., being bumped) as evidence of hostile intent > aggressive retaliation

Deficiency in moral awareness

A psychological factor of conduct disorder; especially lack of remorse for their wrongdoings

Genetic factors

These factors encourage children with conduct disorder to select more deviant peers to associate with

Social selection

Children with conduct disorder choose to associate with like-minded peers, thus continuing their path of antisocial behavior

Social influence

Being around deviant peers help initiate antisocial behavior

Sociocultural factors

combination of early antisocial behavior in the child and socioeconomic disadvantage in the family predicts early criminal arrest

Family check-ups

A family intervention based treatment for conduct disorder: 3 meetings to assess and provide feedback to parents regarding their children and parenting practices; Associated with less disruptive behavior and conduct problems in the early years of school

Parental management training

A family intervention based treatment for conduct disorder: Parents are taught to modify their responses to their children so that prosocial rather than antisocial behavior is consistently rewarded. Teach parents to use positive reinforcement for positive behaviors and time-out and loss of privileges for aggressive or antisocial behaviors

Head Start

Community-based preschool education; Early developmental cognitive and social skills; Availability of mental health services; Enhancing functioning

Multisystemic Treatment of Conduct disorder

Intensive therapy services in the community, targeting the adolescent, family, school, and peer group; Based on the view that conduct problems are influenced by multiple factors within the family as well as between the family and other social systems

Fast Track

A CD prevention program delivered over a 10 year course; Designed to help children academically, socially, and behavioral; Focuses on areas that are problematic in conduct disorder: Peer relationships, aggressive and disruptive behavior, social information processing, and parent–child relationships

More guilt, lower rates of early-morning wakefulness, early-morning depression, loss of appetite, and weight loss

Depression symptoms in children differ from adults in

2x; Adolescent girls

Depression is more prevalent in

Specific phobia

Most prevalent mood and anxiety disorder in adolescents

4x greater risk

The amount of greater risk a child with a depressed parent has a child without a depressed parent

Short allele of the serotonin transporter gene X Significant interpersonal stressful life

Gene–environment interaction for onset of depression in late adolescence and early adulthood

Beck’s Theory and the Hopelessness Theory of Depression

2 theories that supports cognitive distortions and negative attribution style; outlook is more negative than those of children without depression and resemble those of adults with depression

Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS)

Randomized to receive prozac, cognitive behavioral therapy, or both combined. Results: the combined treatment was the most effective through 12 weeks and that Prozac modest advantages compared to CBT

Diarrhea, nausea, sleep problems, and agitation

Side effects of antidepressants as treatment of depression for children and adolescents

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Treatment most beneficial for those with good coping skills at pretreatment and those with recurrent depression

Selective prevention program

Target youth based on family, environmental, or personal risk factors; more effective than universal programs

Universal program

Prevention program which targeted large groups, typically in schools, and provide education about depression

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Constant worry that some harm will befall their parents or themselves when they are away from their parents

School

Separation Anxiety is often observed when children enter/begin

Selective Mutism

Condition called on extremely shy children who refuse to speak at all in unfamiliar social circumstances

At least 4 weeks

Symptoms for Separation Anxiety must be present for

6 months

Aggression to people and animals; Destruction of property; Deceitfulness or theft; Serious violation of rules must be present for _______ to diagnose one with Conduct Disorder

5 signs of inattention and/or of hyperactivity-impulsivity

Number of signs that must be present in children 17 or older to meet diagnosis for ADHD