cytology

nucleus

membranous organelle is largest organelle of the cell. control center of cell and contains DNA and nucleolus

ribosomes

non-membranous organelle is tiny, round, that may be free within cytoplasm or fixed on RER. production of proteins

Mitochondria

double-membrane organelle is responsible for majority of production of ATP

Golgi apparatus

membranous organelle consist a series of platelike discs. responsible for synthesis and packaging of glycolipids. receives proteins from ER where they are processed, packaged and exported

Rough ER

membranous organelle consists a series of tubules with ribosomes attached, which are responsible for synthesis and packaging of protein. continuous with nuclear membrane

lysosomes

membrane-bound vesicle produced by golgi apparatus. contain strong acidic digesting enzymes responsible for breakdown of damaged organelles or phagocytized pathogens

smooth ER

membraneous organelle consists of series of tubules responsible for the synthesis and packaging of lipid and steroid hormones. In muscle, it stores and releases calcium ions. continuous in nuclear membrane

cytoskeleton

non-membranous structure of the cytoplasmic framework of the cell. it consists of numerous non-membrane bound organelles(microtubules, microfilaments) that act to move substances and organelles throughout the cell’s interior. also act to move cell where it is anchored in the plasma membrane

centriole

non-membraneous organelle composed of paired cylindrical bodies composed of microtubules. responsible for chromosome movement during cell division

cillia

series of long plasma membrane extensions that have the ability to beat rhythmically to propel substances along cell surface.

microvilli

series of tiny plasma membrane extensions used to increase cell’s surface area for absorption

peroxisomes

membranous organelle is a membrane bound-vesicle that contains oxidative enzymes that function to breakdown fatty acids and enthanol.

passive process

no ATP used by cell; concentration dependent (high conc. to low conc.)

diffusion

passive molecular movement from an area of high conc. to low conc. by kinetic thermal energy.

small lipid-soluble through lipid bilayer

small h2o- soluble through protein channels

facilitated diffusion

passive movement of a substance across a plasma membrane via protein carrier down concentration gradient

osmosis

movement of water across semipermeable membrane toward a solution containing a relatively high solute concentration.

filtration

dissolved solutes move across membrane by external mechanical forces

Active process

atp required, not concentration dependent

active transport

substances transported via membrane carrier protein against concentration gradient. requires ATP

endocytosis

movement of large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm via formation of membranous vesicle at the cell surface.

exocytosis

ejection of cytoplasmic materials by fusion of membraneous vesicle with the plasmamembrane