Globalization, Security, and Terrorism Flashcards

Flashcards on Globalization, Security, and Terrorism

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world across economic, political, social, technological, and cultural areas.

Columbian Exchange

A major step in globalization involving trade and cultural exchange between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World.

Industrial Revolution

Transformed globalization through advancements in transportation, communication, and the spread of ideas.

World Wars and Global Institutions

Led to global cooperation and the formation of international institutions like the UN, NATO, World Bank, and IMF.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Companies operating in multiple countries, utilizing global labor and materials for international markets.

Key Flows of Globalization

Speed and scale of flows of ideas, capital, commodities, and people.

Pros of Globalization

Instant global communication, cooperation on global issues, trade increase, and improved living standards.

Cons of Globalization

Digital divide, sovereignty issues, cultural conflicts, inequality, colonial legacies, and environmental damage.

Weakening State Capacity

Shrinking welfare states, focus on law and security, market-driven policies, and reduced government power.

IMFor WTO

International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization.

Cultural Homogenization

Fear of a single global culture, dominated by Western values, leading to the disappearance of local cultures.

Cultural Exchange and Adaptation

Cultures change and adapt, integrating external influences with local traditions, creating cultural diversity.

World Social Forum (WSF)

A platform uniting activists for human rights, environment, labor, youth, and gender equality. First meeting in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Global Governance

Managing global affairs through public and private actors, cooperative solutions, competition, and unequal influence.

Global Governors

States, international organizations, corporations, professional associations, and advocacy groups.

Empowering Trends in Global Governance

Globalization, privatization, technological change, end of the Cold War.

Scenarios of Global Governance

Steady State, World State, Earth Inc., and Wild State.

International Governmental Organizations (IGOs)

Associations of at least three states, established by international treaties, with permanent structures and common objectives.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Voluntary associations formed independently of states and recognized by the UN Charter.

Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)

Profit-driven businesses operating in multiple countries, influencing global norms through contracts and investments.

Economic Dimension of Globalization

Breaking down national economic barriers, the international spread of trade, and the power of transnational corporations.

Liberalization

Relaxing government restrictions, especially in economics, to open up markets.

Privatization

Transferring government-owned assets and services to private ownership.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Foreign party invests money in production in another country.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Sets global trade rules and handles trade disputes among member states.

Multinational and Transnational Corporations (MNCs/TNCs)

Operate in several countries, have production facilities abroad, and have grown rapidly since WWII.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

Combinations of computers, telecommunications, and media that drive the Information Age.

Outsourcing

Transferring part of a company's work to another company, often for cost reduction and expertise.

Patent

Government protection for an invention for a fixed time, preventing others from copying or selling it.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Intelligence shown by machines that mimics human cognitive functions, inferring outcomes from data.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for solving problems, used in AI systems with varying levels of adaptability.

Article 36 (AP I, 1977)

Requires legal review of new weapons, addressing human control vs autonomy and legal/ethical assessment of behaviors.

The most common type of armed conflict in the 21st century

Long-lasting non-international armed conflicts (NIACs)

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter

Prohibits the use or threat of force between countries.

NIACs

Non-State Armed Conflicts

Extraterritorial NIACs

Conflicts where a State fights a non-State armed group in another country.

Two Categories of Extraterritorial NIACs

Short-distance Cross-border NIACs and Long-distance Trans-border NIACs

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities

Weak spots in computer and network design or function that can be exploited.

Integrity

Keeping data and system settings unchanged.

Availability

Making sure authorized users can access systems and data.

Cyber Operations

Unauthorized access to computer systems to steal data, attacks that change data, and disrupting system functions.

Definition of 'Attack' in IHL

Any act of violence against the enemy, whether offensive or defensive.

Limits on Cyber Operations in Armed Conflict

Must be directed only at military targets, protecting civilians.

Military Globalization

Growing cooperation and interaction between states in security and military matters.

Difficulty in Global Leadership

Difficult to get major global powers to agree on shared responsibility.

Isolationism / Autarky

Focusing on being economically self-sufficient.

Opening up / Economic Internationalism

Starting to engage with other economies.

Integration into the Global Economy

Fully joining global trade and finance systems.

Global Economic Crime

Harmful or criminal actions carried out across national borders by individuals or groups.

Extreme Inequality

A global economic threat which is the growing gap between rich and poor.

Legal Globalization

Creating, agreeing on, and applying international legal standards that many countries follow.

Three Pillars of Legal Systems

Legislation, Execution and Jurisdiction

Resistance to Loss of Sovereignty from Legal Globalization

Governments don’t want to lose control over their own laws.

Lone Wolf

A person who acts alone, without direct support from a terrorist group

ISIS

A terrorist group that Started as part of Al-Qaeda, who Become independent in 2014 , Took control of large parts of Syria and Iraq and Declared itself a caliphate

Foreign Terrorist Fighters

People who travel to another country to commit or support acts of terrorism

George W. Bush declared

a Global War on Terror (GWOT)

Targeted killing

Planned, deliberate lethal force against specific individuals without arrest or trial is called