Anatomy 1.2 Cells & Tissues

Organize the following: tissue, organism, atoms and molecules, cellular, organ system, and organ

Atoms and molecules, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What is a phospholipid bilayer that separates internal cellular components from the external environment by a selectively permeable barrier. And what is that barrier called?

Cell membrane, Plasma membrane

What is the cytosol/intracellular fluid with high water content with solutes such as ions, nutrients, many enzymes, etc.

Cytoplasm

What are small dense granules responsible for protein synthesis. It can be located free in cytoplasm or fixed on ER.

Ribosomes

What is folded intracellular membrane networks within cytoplasm

ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

What synthesizes, transports, and stores lipids?

Smooth ER

What produces, transports, and stores proteins bound for outside of cell, insert in PM or inclusion in lysosomes as a catalyst.

Rough ER (RER)

What modifies, packages, and stores proteins from RER and transports to lysosome for conversion into secretions and into PM.

Golgi

What are membrane bound sacs produced by Golgi that contain enzymes to digest waste and ingested macromolecules. And what is the process called that removes cells damaged parts?

Lysosomes. Autophagia

What is autolysis

at cell death, enzyme is released from lysosome.

What are smaller membrane bound sacs produced by RER that use O2 to catalytically detox harmful substances produced by cell or taken into cell.

Peroxisomes

What are double membrane structures that produce cells energy (ATP) and inner membrane increase surface area for contact with fluids.

Mitochondria

What is the central control of genetic materials. All have a bilayer nuclear envelope/membrane, some have nucleoli, all have chromatin (transform to chromosomes for reproduction/gene transfer.

Nucleus

What does “cyte” stand for?

Mature cell

What does “rete” stand for?

net

What does “meso” stand for?

middle

What does “epi” stand for?

upon or above

What does “blast” stand for?

Immature cell

What does “ecto” stand for?

Outside

What does “endo” stand for?

inside

What does “peri” stand for?

outside boundary or perimeter

What does “myo” stand for?

muscle

What does “chondro” stand for?

cartilage

What does “glia” stand for?

glue

What are the four tissues of the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

What is the largest class of tissues?

Epithelial tissue

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protect (serves as a barrier), absorption (allow for exchange of nutrients and molecules), and secretion (allow for secretion, exocrine and endocrine glands)

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

One surface is always exposed to fluid or air, totally cellular, avascular (no blood vessels), and rests on a basement membrane.

Layers of epithelial tissue.

Simple - one layer. Stratified - multiple layers

Shapes of epithelial tissues

squamous - compressed, flat. Cuboidal - cube shape. columnar - column shape

Where are simple squamous cells found?

lung tissues, alveoli and lining of body cavities. slick tissues.

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

Kidney tubules, ducts of glands, and surface of ovaries

Where are simple columnar cells found?

gall bladder and lining of intestines

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

Skin and vagina

Where are transitional cells found?

The lining of the urinary bladder.

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells found?

the lining of the respiratory tract

What are exocrine glands and give examples

Has two regions secretory and duct. Ex. sweat, oil, and mammary glands.

Differentiate between the duct portion and secretory portion of exocrine glands.

Duct portion - simple (no branching) or complex

Secretory portion - tubular (straight) or alveolar/acinar (bulbous)

What are endocrine glands and give examples.

Glands without ducts. Secretions transported by venous return. Ex: pituitary and adrenal glands.

Compound vs Simple glands

Compound glands can create more secretions at once.

What cells are found in connective tissue proper?

fibroblast (protein chains), adipocyte (fat cell), and macrophage (immune system).

Connective tissue proper contains

mesenchymal cells (tissue repair), leukocytes (white blood cells), and mast cells (inhibits clotting).

Loose areolar connective tissue

loosely woven tissue. Ex: binds vessels and nerves. Between skin and muscles.

Adipose (fat) tissue

Insulates, stores fat as a metabolite. Found between skin and muscle, muscles, and around organs.

Dense regular connective tissue

collagen fibers in a parallel array. Found in muscle tendons. (strength and flexibility)

Dense Irregular connective tissue

Collagen fibers in a random array. Found in dermis of skin.

Elastic connective tissue

elastic fibers in a parallel array. Found in vessels.

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

Chondrocytes and collagen fibers in flexible matrix with abundant ground substance.

The fetal skeleton is completely what? And what areas remain this throughout life?

Hyaline cartilage. Costal cartilage, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and articular surface of bone.

What is fibrocartilage?

matrix contains little ground substance with abundant chondrocytes between collagen fibers. Found in intervertebral disc, pubis symphysis, and meniscus

Elastic cartilage

Chondrocytes embedded in firm and flexible matrix with abundance of elastin. Has ability to rebound “recoil”. Found in pinna, epiglottis, eustachian tube, and laryngeal cartilages.

Functions of bone tissue

Rigid support, organ protection, movement, blood cell formation in red marrow, and storage for chemicals.

osteocyte

mature bone cells in osteon and lamella

osteoblast

Immature bone cells in cellular periosteum and endosteum

osteoclasts

bone (calcium) destroying cells in endosteum.

Organic portion of bone

1/3 of bone. collagen fibers that provide flexibility and tensile strength.

Inorganic bone portion

2/3 of weight. hydroxyapatite or calcium apatite (calcium phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxide). Provides compressional strength. Contains a lot of water.

Compact bone

dense or lamellar sheet found at shaft of long bone. Covers spongy bone.

Spongy bone

Cancellous or trabecular (lattice like). Found at the ends of long bones. articular surfaces, epiphysis, and metaphysis. contain red marrow.

osteon

Basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone.

Lacunae

Calcified nests with bone cell (osteocyte) in center.

Osteoblasts

secrete osteoid. Pulls in calcium from circulating blood and mineral is deposited around the developing bone cell. "process of ossification”.

Canaliculi

“little canals” extensions between developing bone cells that create canals between osteoblasts/cytes during ossification. Contain neurovascular bundles.

Lamellae

Concentric rings. Growth rings of bone that allow for growth in the diameter of bone.

What muscle can be stripped or non stripped

Muscular

anatomical term that means a ridge on a bone

crest

correct anatomical term that means a canal in a bone:

meatus

correct anatomical term that means the same as groove or furrow:

Sulcus

tissue that fits the description: One surface is exposed to air or fluid.

Epithelium

tissue that fits the description: Found in tendons and Ligaments.

Dense regular