Clinical Psychology Disorders

4 standards for identifying disorders:

Unusual, maladaptive, disturbing to others, and distressful

Disorders occur frequently/infrequently in a given population

Infrequently

Disorders interfere with a person's ability to:

Function normally in one or more important areas of life

Disorders represent a serious departure from:

Social and cultural norms of behavior

Disorders prevent a person from:

Thinking clearly and making rational decisions

DSM-5 stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition

Over ___ mental health experts collaborated to create DSM-5

1,000

DSM-5 provides a set of ______ categories

Diagnostic

DSM-5’s set of diagnostic categories is helpful for:

Classifying over 300 specific psychological disorders

DSM-5 lists the ______ for each mental disorder

Criteria and specific symptoms

DSM-5 is designed to generate ______ diagnoses

Reliable and valid

Theories of disorders:

Psychoanalytic, humanist, cognitive, behavioral, and biological perspective

The psychoanalytic perspective views mental disorders as the product of:

Unconscious conflicts among the id, ego, and
superego

In order to protect itself, the ego:

Represses psychic conflicts into the unconscious

Psychic conflicts result from:

Unresolved traumatic experiences that took place in childhood

Example of an unresolved traumatic experience that result in a psychic conflict:

Rejection can produce strong feelings of anger

The psychoanalytic perspective views depression as:

Anger that is channeled into the
unconscious

The humanist perspective looks to a person's ______ for the causes of mental behavior

Feelings, self-esteem, and self-concept

Humanists believe that behavior is the result of:

Choices we all make in struggling to find meaning in life

How do humanists explain how anxiety can result?

When an individual experiences a gap between his or her ideal self and his or her real self

The cognitive perspective focuses on:

Faulty, illogical, and negative beliefs and ideas

Maladaptive thoughts lead to ______

Misperceptions and misinterpretations of events and social interactions

According to the cognitive perspective, what leads to depression?

Unrealistically negative thoughts

The behavioral perspective stresses that disorders are:

Learned

Behaviorists focus on how a behavior was:

Reinforced and rewarded

Example of how behaviorists use classical conditioning to explain disorders:

During classical conditioning a stimulus that was originally neutral (such as elevator) becomes paired with a frightening event (the power goes out) so that it becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits anxiety

The biological perspective arques that many psychological disorders are caused by:

Hormonal or neurotransmitter imbalances, differences in brain structure, and inherited predispositions

How would the biological perspective explain anxiety?

An imbalance of a chemical that influences the nervous or endocrine system can cause anxiety

Anxiety disorders include:

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, agoraphobia

Anxiety disorders all involve:

Extreme levels of fear and anxiety

The extreme levels of fear and anxiety involved in all anxiety disorders negatively impact:

Behavior and cognitive processes

Anxiety disorders differ in terms of:

The types of scenarios that generate fear or anxiety and the types of thought that result

A feeling of tension, apprehension, and worry that occurs during a personal crisis or the pressures of everyday life

Anxiety

Anxiety is a normal human response to ______

Stress

Pathological anxiety is ______

Irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive

Why is pathological anxiety irrational?

It is provoked by nonexistent or exaggerated threats

Why is pathological anxiety uncontrollable?

The person cannot control or stop anxiety attacks

Why is pathological anxiety disruptive?

It impairs relationships and everyday activities

GAD stands for:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by:

Persistent, uncontrollable, and ongoing apprehension about a wide range of life situations

Generalized Anxiety Disorder can lead to:

Chronic fatigue and irritability

Generalized Anxiety Disorder affects ______ as many women as men

Twice

Panic disorder is characterized by:

Sudden episodes of extreme anxiety

Panic attacks are accompanied by:

A pounding heart, rapid breathing, sudden dizziness, nausea, and a feeling of lightheadedness

Phobias are characterized by:

A strong, irrational fear of specific objects or situations that are normally considered harmless

Example of phobia:

Howie Mandel is the well-known host of the popular game show Deal or No Deal. He has mysophobia, fear of germs. Howie refuses to shake hands with contestants and instead exchanges fist bumps

Are specific phobias same as generalized anxiety disorder?

No

How are specific phobias different from generalized anxiety disorder?

Specific phobias are linked to a particular stimulus, whereas generalized anxiety disorders are not

Agoraphobia is characterized by an irrational fear of:

Public places or open spaces

Agoraphobia arises from the concern that:

The individual will not be able to escape or receive the help he or she needs

Agoraphobics avoid:

Crowded locations

Examples of crowded locations that agoraphobics avoid:

Airports, stores, and concerts

In extreme cases, agoraphobics are unable to:

Leave their own home

Agoraphobia is a particularly ______ phobia

Disabling

Example of agoraphobia:

Dolores has a persistent fear of having a heart attack in public. As a result, she does not want to leave her home. She therefore severely limits the time she spends in public

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders include:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding, trichotillomania

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized by:

Unwanted anxiety producing thoughts and/or
repetitive behaviors

OCD stands for:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by:

Persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions)

The persistent and unwanted thoughts that obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by cause:

Distress or anxiety and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions) the individuals feel they must perform in order to reduce anxiety

Obsessions and compulsions are:

Time-consuming

Obsessions and compulsions cause:

Significant distress

Compulsive behaviors can include:

Excessive washing, repeatedly checking to make sure the doors are locked, and turning lights on and off

Hoarding is characterized by:

Persistent difficulty and distress with regard to giving up possessions combined with an excessive need to save items including those with no value

The hoarding behaviors result in significant levels of:

Personal distress

How do hoarding behaviors result in significant levels of personal distress?

By disrupting normal functioning of family settings

Trauma and stress related disorders are characterized by:

Exposure to a traumatic or stressful event

PTSD stands for:

Postraumatic stress disorder

Trauma and stress related disorders include:

Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder is characterized by:

The exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or violence resulting in feelings of horror and helplessness

Other than personal exposure to a traumatic event, individuals can also develop PTSD if they:

Learn that a traumatic event happened to a close friend or family member

People who suffer from PTSD experience:

Intrusive symptoms

The intrusive symptoms experienced by those who suffer from PTSD include:

Reoccurring, involuntary, and distressing memories of the event

PTSD can lead to:

Depression, anxiety, uncontrollable crying, edginess, and the inability to concentrate

Serious disturbances in a person's emotions that involve loss of pleasure, sleep problems, lack of concentration, negative thoughts, or a suicidal ideation

Depressive disorders

Depressive disorders cause:

Psychological discomfort

Depressive disorders impair a person's ability to:

Function

Main types of depressive disorders:

Major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Persistent depressive disorder is also called:

Dysthymia

Major depression is characterized by long periods of:

Severe unhappiness and loss of interest in life

People suffering from major depression often feel deeply:

Discouraged and lethargic

Profession of William Styron:

Pulitzer Prize-winning author

William Styron described his depression as being like:

Some poisonous fogbank rolling in upon my mind, forcing me into bed. There I would lie for as long as six hours, stuporous and virtually paralyzed, gazing at the ceiling

Major depression often leads to ______ feelings

Suicidal

Approximately ___ percent of those suffering major depression attempt suicide

10

Historical example of depression:

Kurt Cobain, the lead singer and guitarist of the rock band Nirvana

What was the result of Kurt Cobain’s depression?

Suicide

When did Kurt Cobain commit suicide?

1994

How old was Kurt Cobain when he committed suicide?

27 years old

How famous was Kurt Cobain when he committed suicide?

Height of fame

Bipolar and other related disorders are characterized by:

Periods of both depression and mania or hypomania

Bipolar disorders were formerly considered types of:

Mood disorders

Bipolar disorders were made into a separate category in the:

DSM-5

The main types of bipolar and related disorders:

Bipolar and cyclothymic disorder

Bipolar disorder is characterized by:

Alternating periods of extreme euphoria when the sufferer is very talkative, overconfident and hyperactive, and times of profound sadness when the sufferer experiences feelings of hopelessness

Sufferers of bipolar disorder frequently exhibit:

Racing thoughts, low attention span, and an inflated sense of importance

______ has been useful in treating instances of bipolar disorder

Lithium carbonate

The bipolar roller coaster has affected a number of:

Creative writers and artists

Examples of writers and artists who showed signs of bipolar disorder:

Edgar Allan Poe and Vincent van Gogh

Somatoform and related disorders are characterized by:

Physical complaints or conditions resulting in significant personal distress and impairment