Geography final exam study guide (units 1-4 vocab)

Does NOT have info a specific religions and does NOT have unit 5 vocab- only units 1-4. could easily have mistakes FYI

Geography

the study of the earth and the ways people live and work on it

Physical Geography

Physical Attributes (land forms, water, rocks, animals, etc.)

Human Geography

People, population, settlements, economic activities, transportation, religion

Absolute Location

Mathematical, Adress, coordinate.

Relative Location

where something is in relation to at least 3 other locations.

Human Characteristics of Place

Examination of the human elements of an area: language customs, population, government type, culture, etc.

Physical Characteristics of Place

Describes the land forms, vegetation, types of wild life, climate of the location, etc.

Human Environment Interaction (H.E.I.): Adapt

Changes that the human population has made to or for themselves to better fir in the environment in which they live.

Human Environment Interaction (H.E.I.): Modify

Changes the human population has made to the environment in which they live to better suit human habitation.

Human Environment Interaction (H.E.I.): Depend

Elements in the environment that humans depend upon or need to survive.

Movement: People

the “permanent” movement of people from one location to another.

Movement: Goods

imports and exports, moving locally or globally.

Movement: Ideas

movement of styles, processes, and methods.

Formal Regions

An area within which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics. EX: Language, economic activities, environmental properties, government structures.

Functional Regions (Nodal Region)

an area organized around a node or focal point. is defined by the area serving a specific function. EX: cell phone coverage area.

Perceptional Regions (Vernacular Region)

is a place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity. EX: "The north”

Toponyms

Names of locations that have reference to the site features of that location

Imports

Items that are traded into a location.

Exports

items that are traded out of a location.

Hearth

The origin of the studied characteristic.

Node

Major areas that see the diffusion patterns first.

Cultural Ecology

the relationship between culture and the environment, dealing with human adaptations to various environments.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

computer systems that store geographical data.

Geographical Positioning System (GPS)

a system that determines the precise position of something on earth through the use of satellites.

Remote Sensing

gaining of data by scanning the earths surface from satellites orbiting the earth (pictures)

Case Study

an intensive analysis of an individual unit ( person, group or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context.

Model

An abstract representation of reality created to simplify complex systems

Cartography

the science of mapmaking.

Hemispheres

a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern __halves__ by the __equator__

Latitude

measures the position north or south of the equator

Longitude

measures the position east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Great Circle

Surround the circumference of the entire earth.

Goods Projection

interrupts the oceans and tucks Australia and New Zealand father west than in reality.

Mercator Projection

Stretches the poles from one length to the size of the equator

Equal Area (cylindrical) Projection

represents areas correctly, but distorts shape

Robinson Projection

Frequently used and distorts size and shape but not too much.

Isoline map

connects points of equal value

Chloropleth map

puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region.

Cartogram map

adjusts the size of the country: corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature.

Proportional Symbol map

size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature.

Dot Distribution map

each dot represents some frequency

Environmental Possiblism

The people, not the environment are the architects of their own cultures or behavior. (adjusting to the environment using technology)

Environmental Determinism

The physical environment is the dominant force in shaping cultures or human behavior.

Distribution

The arrangement of features within space

Density

the frequency with which something is distributed in space.

Arithmetic Density

the total number of objects in a given space such as: people/square mile. High population of a state or area doesnt necessarily mean high density.

Physiological density

the number of people per unit of arable land (farmland/cropland.)

Diffusion Patterns

How characteristics are spread across a space or from one place to another over time.

Absorbing barriers

completely halt diffusion

Permeable Barriers

Allowing part of the innovation wave to diffuse, but acting to weaken and slow the continued spread.

Distance decay

the further away one group is from another the less likely the 2 groups are to interact.

Time-Space compression

the likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness among places.

Hierarchical diffusion

Ideas leapfrog from one node to another, temporarily bypassing some. Spreads from authority. EX: military

contagious diffusion

Spreads in a wavelike pattern, like a disease.

Stimulus diffusion

A specific trait is rejected, but the idea is accepted.

Relocation Diffusion

Occurs when individuals migrate to a new location varying new ideas or practices with them.

Demography or Demographic

The scientific study of population characteristics is known as demography.

Census

an official count of the population by a government every ten years to gather data.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

number of live births per thousand population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per thousand people.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) or Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Measures the % by which a population grows or declines in a given year. The term natural means that the rates exclude migration

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Is the annual number of deaths of infants under age one, compared with total live birth (CBR).

Life Expectancy

Is the average \# of years a newborn infant can expect to live if current mortality rates (CDR and IMR) were to continue for the rest of their lives.

Dependency Ratio

the \# of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the \# of people in their productive years.

Population Pyramid

Graphic device (graphic model) that shows sex and age distribution of a population.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Geographic model that displays 3 key population demographics (CBR, CDR, NIR/RNI). The demographic transition consists of 4 stages, which move from high CBR and CDR, to declines first in CDR then CBR and finally to a stage of low CBR and CDR.

Ecumene

Is the portion of the earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the world’s land area.

Arithmetic Density

Is the number of people per total land area.

Physiological Density

Is the number of people per arable land area. (farm Stuff)

Carrying Capacity

Is the land's ability to support a population

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Overpopulation

When a population has exceeded the carrying capacity of an area.

Under Population

when birth rates fall lower than the mortality rates.

Migration

A type of diffusion (relocation) where an individual or group makes a permanent move to a new location.is a form of mobility which is a more general term covering all types of movements from one place to another.

Push Factors

factors that cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to another region.War, persecution, political, environmental

Pull Factors

Pull: factors that pull or attract people to another locationGood economic opportunities, high salaries, favorable climate

Immigration

is a migration to a location.

Internal Migrant

the movement of people within a country

External (International) Migrant

Refugees who have moved from their original state (country) of origin.

Emigration

is a migration from a location.

Net-in Migration

If the \# of immigrants exceeds the \# of emigrants, the net migration is positive

Net-out Migration

If the \# of immigrants is lower than the \# of emigrants, the net migration is negative

Brain Drain

The migration of individuals who are highly skilled/educated from less developed regions to more developed regions.

Refugee

Are people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return due to safety or fear of persecution.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Refugees who are still located in their state of origin.

Voluntary Migration

The migrant makes the decision to move.*Most migration is voluntary.

Chain Migration

immigrants from a particular area follow others from that area to a particular destination

Circular Migration/Guest Workers

A type of temporary migration.Known as “Guest Workers”Associated with agricultural work.

Involuntary (Forced) Migration

Forced international migration has historically occurred for 2 main reasons: slavery and political instability.

Undocumented Immigrants

\
* **anyone residing in any given country without legal documentation**. 

State/

independent unit that occupies a territory and has full control

Sovereignty

has full control of if internal and external conflicts ( total control of country.

Country

Piece of land

Nation

group of people with common culture living in a territory and having sense of unity.

Nation state

Nation and state occupying the same area

Stateless Nation

Group without territory

Multi National State

Politically controlled area with sovereignty but has no single dominant ethnic group .

Multi state nation

A nation governed by more than one state.

Colonialism

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign sate rather than being independent.