DNA Viruses

Herpesviridae

Enveloped dsDNA viruses causing latent infections

HSV-1

Causes oral lesions, encephalitis, keratitis, gingivostomatitis

HSV-2

Causes genital herpes and neonatal herpes

HSV latency site

Sensory nerve ganglia

HSV diagnosis

PCR, culture with CPE, antigen detection, Tzanck cells

HSV treatment

Acyclovir

VZV

Causes chickenpox and shingles

VZV transmission

Respiratory droplets and close contact

VZV latency site

Dorsal root ganglia

VZV diagnosis

PCR, antigen detection, shell vial culture

CMV

Most common congenital viral infection

CMV transmission

Secretions, blood, transplants, transplacental

CMV disease

Heterophile-negative mono, congenital disease, immunocompromised infections

CMV diagnosis

PCR, fibroblast culture, shell vial culture

CMV treatment

Ganciclovir

EBV

Causes infectious mononucleosis

EBV transmission

Saliva

EBV latency site

B lymphocytes

EBV cancers

Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

EBV diagnosis

Heterophile test and EBV serologies

HHV-6

Causes roseola (exanthem subitum)

HHV-8

Associated with Kaposi sarcoma

Adenovirus

Non-enveloped dsDNA virus causing respiratory and ocular infections

Adenovirus transmission

Respiratory, fecal-oral, direct contact with eyes

Adenovirus diseases

Pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, hemorrhagic cystitis, gastroenteritis

Adenovirus diagnosis

Culture with CPE, antigen detection, PCR

Papillomavirus

Non-enveloped dsDNA virus causing warts and cervical cancer

HPV high-risk types

HPV-16 and HPV-18

HPV diseases

Warts, anogenital warts, cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer

HPV diagnosis

Cytology and DNA probe testing

HPV prevention

Vaccine prevents cervical cancer

JC virus

Causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

BK virus

Causes nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis in transplant patients

Polyomaviruses

Non-enveloped DNA viruses including JC and BK virus

Parvovirus B19

Small ssDNA virus causing Fifth disease

Fifth disease

Slapped-cheek rash in children

Parvovirus in pregnancy

Causes hydrops fetalis

Parvovirus in hemolytic anemia

Causes aplastic crisis

Hepatitis B virus

Enveloped partially dsDNA virus using RNA intermediate

Hepatitis B particle

Dane particle

HBV transmission

Blood and body fluids

HBV diseases

Acute hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer

HBV prevention

HBV vaccine

HBV diagnosis

HBsAg indicates active infection

Poxviridae

Enveloped DNA viruses including smallpox

Variola virus

Causes smallpox

Smallpox rash

Begins on extremities and progresses to vesicles

Smallpox eradication

Declared eradicated in 1979

Enveloped DNA viruses

Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Poxviridae

Non-enveloped DNA viruses

Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Parvoviridae

Major congenital DNA viruses

CMV and Parvovirus B19

Major neonatal DNA viruses

HSV-2, CMV, HBV