Exam 2 Meds

120

ACE inhibitors example

Lisinopril

ACE inhibitors major side effects

Dry cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension, renal impairment, angioedema

ACE inhibitors MOA

Inhibits the angiotension converting enzyme, blocking the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure

Adrenergic Agonist Example

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Adrenergic Agonist Major Side Effects

Tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, tremors, arrhythmias

Adrenergic Agonist MOA

Binds to an activates alpha and/or beta adrenergic receptors, mimicking the effects of catecholamines to increase heart rate, contractility, or cause vasoconstriction/bronchodilation.

Anticoagulants examples

Warfarin, heparin, enoxaparin

Anticoagulants major side effects

Bleeding, bruising, GI upset, skin necrosis (rare)

Anticoagulants MOA

Inhibits various steps in the coagulation cascade, such as enhancing antithrombin activity or directly inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa, to prevent fibrin clot formation

ARBs Example

Losartan, valsartan

ARBs Major Side Effects

Hyperkalemia, hypertension, dizziness, renal dysfunction, headache

ARBs MOA

Selectively inhibits the binding of angiotension 2 to the angiotensin type 1 receptor, resulting in vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure.

Calcium Channel Blockers Example

Amlodipine, diltiazem

Calcium Channel Blockers Major Side Effects

Peripheral edema, hypotension, headache, dizziness, flushing

Calcium Channel Blockers MOA

Inhibit the influx of calcium ions through L-type channels in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac contractility.

Direct vasodilators example

Hydralazine, minoxidil

Direct vasodilators major side effects

Reflex tachycardia, headache, flushing, lupus-like syndrome, hypotension

Direct Vasodilators MOA

Relax vascular smooth muscle cells independently of receptor interactions, primarily through mechanisms involving cyclic AMP or GMP, leading to reduced peripheral resistance.

Loop diuretic examples

Furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide

Loop Diuretics major side effects

Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension, Ototoxicity, electrolyte imbalances.

Loop Diuretics MOA

Inhibit the Na-K-2Cl symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to increased excretion of sodium, chloride, and water.

Non selective beta blocker example

Propranolol, nadolol, timolol

Non-selective beta blockers major side effects

Bradycardia, Bronchospasms, fatigue, hypotension, masks hypoglycemia symptoms

Non-selective beta blockers MOA

Blockade of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, decreasing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and vascular tone.

Peripheral vasodilators example

Nitroprusside, hydralazine, minoxidil

Peripheral vasodilators major side effects

Hypertrichosis, fluid retention, reflex tachycardia, headache, pericardial effusion (rare)

Peripheral vasodilators MOA

Directly relaxes arteriolar smooth muscle to reduce peripheral vascular resistance and lower blood pressure, often through mechanisms like potassium Channel activation

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Example

Aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Major Side Effects

Gastrointestinal bleeding, dyspepsia, bruising, tinnitus, allergic reactions, intracranial hemorrhage (rare)

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors MOA

Block Key Pathways in platelet activation, such as cyclooxygenase inhibitation or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonism, to prevent thrombus formation

Selective Beta Blockers Example

Atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol

Selective beta blocker major side effects

Bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension, dizziness, cold extremities

Selective beta blockers MOA

Inhibit beta-1 adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate and contractility, lowering blood pressure in myocardial oxygen demand

Statins Examples

Atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin

Statins Major Side Effects

Muscle pain, liver damage, increased blood sugar levels and GI upset

Statins MOA

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis in the liver.