SBI4U - Animal and Plant Cell Review

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Out of the two main types of cells; which one can I find in bacteria and archaea?

Prokaryotic

Out of the two main types; which one can I find in plants, humans, fungi, and Protista cells?

Eukaryotic

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotic cells?

• They are microscopic/unicellular (small and only have one cell -> humans have many cells)

• They have no-membrane bound organelle

• They have no nucleus

What are the characteristics of a Eukaryotic cell?

• Mutli-celluar

• Has a nucleus

• Complex internal structure

Define a nucleus

• It’s the command center of the cell, contains DNA codes for the cells function and it’s surrounded by the nuclear envelope

• Inside it contains the nucleolus that look like worms, those contain RNA to make ribosomes

Define a Ribosome

• Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Define the Endoplasmic Reticulum

• There are two types - Rough and Smooth

• Rough ER’s are covered in ribosomes, make (synthesize) and package proteins to the Golgi Apparatus

• Smooth ER’s make phospholipids and other macromolecules - most of the time lipids - to be sent to other parts of the cell

Define the Vesicles

• The Vesicles is a saclike organelle that transports or stores substances within a cell

Define the Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi Apparatus is a stack of membrane bound sacs and tube

• It receives vesicles from the ER and finishes packing them for excretion on the outside

Define the Cell Membrane

• The security guard of the cell - regulates what enters and exists the cell and separates the interior and exterior of the cell

Define the Fluid Mosaic Structure

• It is what the Cell Membrane is made of

• It is made out of a Phospholipid Bilayer containing proteins, carbs, and cholesterol

Define the Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cell! It provides the cell energy through breaking down glucose (found in wheat) and makes it into energy via ATP

• Have their own DNA

What are all the parts of the Mitochondria

• Intermembrane space, Matrix, and Cristae

• Recall: I (Intermembrane space) Make (Matrix) Cell (Cristae)

Define the Intermembrane Space

• The space between the inner and outer part of the cell

Define the Matrix

• Interior aqueous part

Define the Cristea

• The folds in the inner part of the Mitochondria \

Define a Cilia

• Hairlike structures creating a wave motion

Define a Flagellum

• Whiplike tail use for movement (is the tail part of Cilia)

Define a Vacuole

• Stores water, food, toxin/waste

• Larger in plant than animal cells

Define Lysosomes

• Found only in animal cells, they contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and worn out cell parts

Define Centromeres

• They are cylindered organelles that produce spindle fibers during cell division

• Only found in animal cells

Define Chloroplast

• It technically performs photosynthesis, but it just where it takes place

• It has it’s own DNA

What does the Chloroplast look like in a plant cell?

The small round things

What are the three things the Chloroplast consists of

• Stroma (fluid within), Thylakoid membrane (disks), Grana (stacks of thylakoids)

  • Some (Storma) Tiny (Thylakoid membenrae) Green (Garna)

Define the Cell Wall

• Protects cell walls and allows the cell to pass through pores

• Also adds strength to the cell