TCP/IP model

What protocol serves as the foundational model for communication across computer networks, including the Internet?

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

What does TCP/IP stand for?

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

What is the main difference between TCP/IP and the OSI model?

TCP/IP is a practical model widely used in real-world networking, while the OSI model is more theoretical and detailed.

What is a network defined as?

The movement of data from one computer to another.

What are the phases involved in circuit switching?

Establish → Transfer → Disconnect.

What are some issues associated with circuit switching?

Inefficient use of channel, vulnerability to single failures, designed for voice traffic, and setup time required.

What does packet switching do to data for transmission?

Breaks data into packets (small segments).

What is included in each packet during packet switching?

Data + overhead (addressing, order info, error-checking).

What are the benefits of packet switching?

More efficient use of resources, can reroute if part of the network fails, enables modern Internet and data communication.

What are some challenges of packet switching?

Complexity of segmentation, addressing, reassembly, and error detection.

Which layer in the TCP/IP model sends the electrical signals?

Physical Layer.

What does the Data Link Layer handle in the TCP/IP model?

Direct connection between devices using MAC addresses.

What is the function of the Network Layer in TCP/IP?

Handles logical addressing (IP addresses) and routing.

What does the Transport Layer ensure?

End-to-end communication and reliability, ensuring data arrives in order without errors.

What protocols are used in the Transport Layer?

TCP (reliable, ordered) and UDP (fast, no guarantee).

What services does the Application Layer provide?

Services such as HTTP (web), SMTP (email), and FTP (file transfer).

What is the primary function of segmentation in networking?

Breaking data into packets, then reassembling them.

What are key functions of networking?

User needs, segmentation and reassembly, identifying destination, error control, and signaling.

Which command tests connectivity to Google's public DNS?

ping 8.8.8.8.

What does the command nslookup www.facebook.com do?

Checks DNS resolution for the specified domain.

What is the difference between circuit switching and packet switching?

Circuit switching is a simple, dedicated path approach that's inefficient for data traffic, while packet switching is efficient, fault-tolerant, and supports diverse traffic types.