APUSH Unit 1-3: Native Societies, European Colonization, and Revolutionary Ideals

Pacific Northwest tribes

Developed permanent settlements, fishing communities.

Chumash

An example of Pacific Northwest tribes.

Great Basin tribes

Nomadic, hunter-gatherers, hunt buffalo.

Ute

An example of Great Basin tribes.

Pueblo

An example of Great Basin tribes.

Mississippi River Valley tribes

Large civilizations, farmers, traders.

Cahokia

An example of Mississippi River Valley tribes.

Northeast tribes

Lived in large houses, communal.

Iroquois

An example of Northeast tribes.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of diseases, plants, animals from old world to New World.

Exchanged crops

America to Europe: Potatoes and maize. Europe to America: Wheat and Rice.

Exchanged animals

America to Europe: Turkey. Europe to America: Horse, cow, pig.

Exchanged disease

America to Europe: syphilis. Europe to America: Smallpox.

Smallpox

Decimated Native American populations because they had no immunity to it.

Exchanged minerals

America to Europe: Gold.

Gold

Facilitated shift from feudalism to capitalism.

Joint-Stock Company

Many people team up to finance missions, shared profits and losses.

Encomienda System

Spanish colonizers used Native American labor to work plantations, mine gold and silver.

African Slavery

Replaced Encomienda System; partnered with West Africans to bring Africans to Americas.

Caste System

Categorized people in Americas based on race and ethnicity.

Native Americans and Europeans

Had different views on how the world worked with respect to religion, gender, power, etc.

Europeans' view of land

Europeans understood land as commodity to be bought or sold.

Native Americans' view of land

Native Americans had spiritual connection to land.

Religious beliefs of Europeans

Europeans were Christian.

Religious beliefs of Native Americans

Native Americans engaged in pantheistic religions, which differed between tribes.

Cultural exchange

Europeans and Native Americans adapted some practices/ideas from each other.

Native American contributions

Native Americans taught English how to hunt and cultivate maize.

English contributions

English got iron tools.

Debates on treatment of Native Americans

Debates over how treatment of Native Americans arose.

Juan Guinness de Sepulveda

Argued that Native Americans were less than human and benefitted from Spanish labor.

Bartolome de las Casas

Catholic monk who worked with Native Americans and believed they deserved dignity.

Motivations for colonization

The Spanish, Dutch, French, and English projects of colonization were motivated by different goals.

The three G's

God, Gold, and Glory.

Spanish colonization goals

Extraction of wealth, spread of Christianity, and subjugation of natives.

French & Dutch colonization goals

Focused on trade partnerships, especially the fur trade, without interest in permanent settlement or conversion.

British colonization challenges

Faced massive inflation and economic challenges partly due to the Columbian Exchange.

Enclosure movement

Limited land availability for non-upper-classes in England, leading to migration to America.

Puritans and Separatists

Groups wanting to reform the Church of England, with Puritans seeking reform from within and Separatists leaving.

Chesapeake & Virginia colonies

Focused on extracting wealth and initially composed of white men looking for work, growing tobacco.

New England colonies

Established colonies shaped by religious principles, aimed at economic prosperity without a get-rich-quick mentality.

Middle Colonies

Served as trade hubs with a robust export economy based on grains, attracting diverse populations.

Southern Atlantic Coastal colonies

Focused on cash crops like tobacco and sugar, leading to increased demand for African slaves.

Governance of colonies

Colonies were largely self-governing and unusually democratic due to the distance from Britain.

Mayflower Compact

Document signed by Pilgrims stating their government would be organized like a self-governing church congregation.

House of Burgesses

Representative assembly in Virginia that could levy taxes and pass laws.

Triangular Trade

Merchants traded rum for enslaved Africans, transported them to colonies, and brought sugar and cash crops to England.

Mercantilism

Dominant economic system relying on colonies for materials and new markets, controlled by laws like the Navigation Acts.

Metacom's War

A conflict led by Metacom, chief of the Wampanoag tribe, against British colonies due to land encroachment.

Pueblo Revolt

Resistance by Pueblos against Spanish land grabs and Christianity in Southwest North America.

Enslaved African laborers

Laborers who were enslaved and formed the backbone of labor in British colonies, especially in the South.

Indentured servant

A person who signed a labor contract to work for a plantation owner for a certain amount of time to pay back for their ticket to America.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Indian attacks and the colonial government, resulting in a shift from indentured servitude to African slavery.

Covert rebellion

Subtle forms of resistance by enslaved people, such as maintaining cultural customs, breaking tools, or feigning illness.

Overt rebellion

Obvious and violent uprisings by enslaved people, exemplified by the Stono Rebellion.

Stono Rebellion

A slave revolt in South Carolina where a small group of enslaved people marched, killed whites, and torched plantations.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that emphasized logic and reason, weakening religious authority in the colonies.

New Light Clergy

Protest leaders who emphasized personal experience with Christ in response to Enlightenment ideas.

Great Awakening

A massive religious revival in the colonies that promoted a national identity among Americans.

Jonathan Edwards

A preacher in Massachusetts whose sermons contributed to the spiritual revival during the Great Awakening.

George Whitfield

An English preacher who traveled the colonies, spreading the message of the Great Awakening.

National identity

The sense of a collective identity among Americans that began to form during the Great Awakening.

British colonial policies

Policies that led to increasing mistrust among American colonies.

Virginia settlers

Colonists who sought protection from Indian attacks during Bacon's Rebellion.

William Berkeley

The governor-general who refused to send troops to protect Virginia settlers during Bacon's Rebellion.

Plantation owners

Landowners who relied on both indentured servants and enslaved Africans for labor.

Cultural customs

Traditions and beliefs maintained by enslaved Africans as a form of covert rebellion.

Religious revival

A significant increase in religious fervor and activity, particularly during the Great Awakening.

Mistrust in colonies

Growing skepticism and distrust among colonists towards British colonial governance.

Impressment

British navy seizing colonial men against their will and forcing them to join the Navy.

French and Indian War

A conflict between France and Britain that led to increased land for the American colonies and a greater burden of taxation.

Treaty of Paris 1763

The treaty that ended the French and Indian War, giving up all French claims in America and doubling English land territory.

Proclamation line of 1763

A law passed by Parliament that barred British colonists from crossing a line across the Appalachian Mountains.

Taxation without representation

A principle that led to the Revolutionary War, where colonists were taxed by Parliament without having representatives in it.

Colonial debt

The financial burden on Britain after the French and Indian War, leading to increased taxes on the colonies.

American colonists' rights

The natural rights that colonists became increasingly aware of and frustrated about being violated.

King George's War

A conflict that led to impressment calls and subsequent resistance from the colonists.

Ohio River Valley

The area disputed between British and French during the French and Indian War.

Colonial expansion

The movement of Americans westward after the French and Indian War, leading to increased conflicts with Native Americans.

7 years war

Another name for the French and Indian War, highlighting its global scale.

British influence

The presence and control exerted by Britain over the American colonies, which was resisted by both the colonists and Natives.

Rioting in response to impressment

Three days of rioting that occurred as a reaction to the impressment of colonial men.

Entitlement to spoils of war

The belief among colonists that they were owed land because they fought in the French and Indian War.

Increased taxation

The rise in taxes imposed on the colonies by Britain to pay off war debts.

Colonial frustration

The growing discontent among colonists regarding British policies and their rights being violated.

Natives' collusion with France

The alliance between Native Americans and the French to remove British influence from their territories.

British debt

The financial obligations of Britain that doubled after the French and Indian War.

Resistance to British policies

The actions taken by colonists in opposition to British taxation and governance.

American Anglicization

The process by which Americans were adopting British customs and political structures.

Salutary neglect

Colonists were breaking the Navigation Acts, but British could not do much about it because they are too far away from each other to be enforced.

Quartering Act

British troops would stay in colonies to make sure the colonists obey the new taxes, and the colonists had to house the troops.

Stamp Act

All paper items in the colonies were taxed.

Virtual representation

Parliament represented all classes, not all locations.

Stamp Act Congress

Formed in response to the passage of the Stamp Act, it drafted a formal petition to Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.

Boston Massacre

British officers fired into a crowd, killing 5 colonists.

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumped 45 tons of British tea into Boston Harbor in response to the Tea Act of 1763.

Coercive Acts

British passed these acts to shut down Boston Harbor until they paid for the tea dumped during the Boston Tea Party.

Natural rights

People have certain rights - life, liberty, and property - given to them from God, created by John Locke.

Social Contract

People are in a social contract with the government, giving up some freedoms as long as the government protects their natural rights.

Separation of Powers

The division of government into three distinct branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for independence from Britain, massively popular in the colonies.