Pop. math, forestry, Urban development

Population density

(total population) / (area)

CBR

[(# of births/yr) / total population] x 1000

CDR

[(# of deaths/yr) / total population] x 1000

% r (growth rate)

(CBR-CDR) / 10

doubling time

70% / % growth rate

predicted population size

(current population)(1 + decimal r) years

Old growth forests

forests that have an intact stand of trees that have typically survived for long periods of time (100+ without any type of disturbance). They have a high biodiversity when compared to new growth forests due to unique features including the abundance of fallen trees which provide additional spaces for life to exist.

New growth forests

due to their age and human influence tend to be more of a monoculture (depending on how the trees are replanted)

economic and environmental impacts of clear cutting

All trees in the area are cut, Most cost-efficient, Greatest impact on forest ecosystems, May mimic some natural forms of disturbance (secondary succession), Destroy entire communities, Soil erosion, Acts as a carbon source, Increase soil and stream temperature

reasons for urban sprawl

Individual interest in personal green space and/or increase, house size, Decrease taxes, Increase roads/infrastructure, Lower crime rates

urban sprawl

outward development of a urban area

economic and environmental impacts of sprawl

Increase in land use, Decrease in aerobic activity, Increase in water/air/soil pollution, Increase in infrastructure, Limitations on transportation options

benefits of cities increasing their tree canopy

Decrease in noise pollution, decrease in stormwater runoff, decrease in energy usage of buildings, absorption of air pollutants, increase property value

characteristics of smart growth

Aims to make the city walkable, bikeable, driveable in that order, Mixed use development, Range of housing opportunities, Array of transportation options, Use of brownfields/imposing a urban growth boundary

cities around the world that are considered "Green Cities"

• Curitiba: innovative approach to transportation, bus transport system

• Vancouver: goal to be a "Zero Waste City" by 2040

Glowing Concrete

a way to reduce energy use on the city level. The only concern about this is the possibility of increased light pollution for other animal populations

negative impacts can the lack of sustainable city planning

Increased incidence of sprawl, artificial geographical barriers for wildlife/walkers, increase in stormwater runoff due to the amount of impervious surfaces