APUSH 25 Simple IDs

Tenements

High-rise urban buildings that provided barracks-like housing for urban slum dwellers

New Immigrants

Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe

America Fever

Term for the passion for migration to the New World that swept across Europe in the late nineteenth century

Social Gospel

The religious doctrines preached by those who believed that churches should directly address and work to reform economic and social problems

Hull House

Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women’s involvement in urban social reform

Social Work

Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems

American Protective Association (APA)

Nativist organization that attacked New Immigrants and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s

Fundamentalists

Protestant believers who strongly resisted liberal Protestantism’s attempts to adapt doctrines to Darwinian evolution and biblical criticism

Tuskegee Institute

Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality

Progress and Poverty

Henry George’s best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a single tax on land

Comstock Act

Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Pragmatism

The American philosophical theory, especially advanced by William James, that the test of the truth of an idea was its practical consequences

City Beautiful Movement

Urban planning movement, begun in Paris and carried on in Chicago and other American cities, that emphasized harmony, order, and monumental public buildings

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Women’s organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

Louis Sullivan

Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space

Walter Rauschenbusch

Leading Protestant advocate of the social gospel who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems

Jane Addams

Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women

Charles Darwin

British biologist whose theories of human and animal evolution by means of natural selection created religious and intellectual controversy

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist whose tales of young people rising from poverty to wealth through hard work and good fortune enhanced Americans’ belief in individual opportunity

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks

W. E. B. Du Bois

Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a talented tenth

William James

Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy

Henry George

Controversial reformer whose book, Progress and Poverty, advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land

Emily Dickinson

Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death

Mark Twain

Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor

Victoria Woodhull

Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s

Daniel Burnham

American architect and planner who helped bring French Baron Haussman’s City Beautiful movement to the United States

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements to promote women’s economic independence and equality

Henry Adams

Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past