Exam 2 Patho Top Hat

Which statement accurately describes blood flow through the heart?

1. Blood flows from the left atrium through the tricuspid valve to the left ventricle.

2. Blood flows from the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.

3. Blood flows from the right atrium through the aortic valve to the right ventricle.

4. Blood flows from the right ventricle through the pulmonic semilunar valve.

4. Blood flows from the right ventricle through the pulmonic semilunar valve.

Which valvular condition is characterized by the valve opening being constricted and narrowed, causing the valve leaflets, or cusps, to fail to open completely?

1. Regurgitation

2. Insufficiency

3. Stenosis

4. Incompetence

3. Stenosis

Individuals with only left side heart failure would exhibit which of the following

1. Peripheral edema

2. Hepatomegaly

3. Dyspnea

4. Jugular venous distention

3. Dyspnea

​​Systolic heart failure is associated with the activation of the

1. parasympathetic nervous system.

2. hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis.

3. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

4. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin aldosterone system.

3. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Which cardiac chamber has the thickest wall?

1. Right atrium

2. Right ventricle

3. Left atrium

4. Left ventricle

4. Left ventricle

The force of myocardial contraction can be increased by

1. Decreasing venous return 

2. Increasing preload

3. Decreasing preload

4. Decreasing blood volume

3. Increasing preload

A 57-year-old African-American woman is seen at an urgent care clinic for a headache not relieved by acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Physical examination reveals an overweight woman who is short of breath from the walk to the examination room. Her fingers are puffy with tight rings that she is unable to remove. The woman reports she has a history of cigarette smoking, primary hypertension, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. From these risk factors and the initial impression, the staff fears some form of heart disease, and the woman is transported to a nearby emergency department for further evaluation.

The leading cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease is:

1. Dyslipidemia

2. Hypertension

3. Obesity

4. Atherosclerosis

4. Atherosclerosis

The most important component in the development of acute coronary syndromes is a decrease in supply or an increase in demand for:

1. Oxygen

2. Myoglobin

3. potassium and sodium

4. Glucose

1. Oxygen

The nurse realizes the patient diagnosed with mitral stenosis has incomplete emptying of the:

1. right atrium 

2. left atrium

3. right ventricle

4. left ventricle

2. left atrium

Arrange the stages of the pathophysiology of mitral valve insufficiency in the proper order. 

1. Diminished blood flow to the coronary arteries

2. Less blood is pumped into the aorta

3. Backflow of blood into the left atrium

4. The client suffers from a myocardial ischemia

1. Backflow of blood into the left atrium

2. Less blood is pumped into the aorta

3. Diminished blood flow to the coronary arteries

4. The client suffers from a myocardial ischemia

The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is:

1. Poor diastolic filling

2. Reduced cardiac output

3. Pulmonary edema

4. Tissue ischemia

2. Reduced cardiac output

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which type of heart failure may result from this condition?

1. right heart failure

2. left heart failure

3. low-output failure

4. biventricular failure

1. right heart failure

Surfactant facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation by:

1. decreasing thoracic compliance

2. attracting water to the alveolar surface

3. decreasing surface tension in alveoli

4. increasing diffusion in alveoli

3. decreasing surface tension in alveoli

What does the student learn about ventilation?

1. Hypoventilation causes a increase in respiratory rate.

2. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia.

3. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.

4. Hyperventilation causes a decrease in respiratory rate..

3. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDSS), alveolar damage and impaired surfactant secretion lead to each of the following problems except:

1. pulmonary edema.

2. pulmonary thrombus formation.

3. air trapping.

3. air trapping.

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is generally the result of:

1. thick mucus secretions and smooth muscle hyperplasia.

2. loss of alveolar elastin.

3. the accumulation of pulmonary edema.

4. hyperplasia of bronchial cartilage.

1. thick mucus secretions and smooth muscle hyperplasia.

What will cause hyperventilation? (select two)

1. Airway obstruction

2. Anxiety

3. Response to severe hypoxemia

4. Reduced compliance of the chest wall

2. Anxiety

3. Response to severe hypoxemia

Which condition is capable of producing alveolar dead space?

1. Pulmonary edema

2. Pulmonary emboli

3. Atelectasis

4. Pneumonia

2. Pulmonary emboli

Pneumonia leads to hypoxemia due to:

1. cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

2. upper airway obstruction.

3. the accumulation of exudates and fibrin deposition.

4. the decreased fraction of inspired oxygen.

3. the accumulation of exudates and fibrin deposition.

The student asks the healthcare professional to explain how pulmonary edema and pneumonia cause hypoxemia. What description by the professional is best?

1. Creates alveolar dead space

2. Decreases the oxygen in inspired gas

3. Increases pulmonary blood flow to compensate for reduced oxygenation

4. Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion

4. Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion

Which type of pulmonary disease requires more force to expire a volume of air?

1. Restrictive

2. Obstructive

3. Acute

4. Communicable

2. Obstructive

Which term describes a hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of the year for a minimum of 2 consecutive years? 

1. Asthma

2. Chronic bronchitis

3. Emphysema

4. ARDS

2. Chronic bronchitis

Pulmonary artery hypertension results from which alteration?

1. Narrowed pulmonary capillaries

2. Narrowed bronchi and bronchioles

3. Destruction of alveoli

4. Ischemia of the myocardium

1. Narrowed pulmonary capillaries