Year 13 Chemistry Mocks

Name the Curve

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

Which line is the mean energy particles have

Line 1

Which line is the activation energy?

Line 2

Which point on the graph is the most likely energy of a molecule

Highest peak

Esterification Word Equation

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid → Ester + Water

Catalyst for Esterification

Sulphuric Acid

Uses for Esters

• Food colouring

• Solvents

• Perfumes

• Glues

• Plasticisers

Conditions for Ester Hydrolysis

HCl acid catalyst under reflux

Nucleophilic Addition Elimination

Acid Chloride + Alcohol (+Chloride ion from HCl) → Ester (+HCl)

Name the molecule

Ethanoic Anhydride / Acetic Anhydride

Name the molecule

Ethanoyl Chloride

Industrially why is an acid anhydride preferred over an acid chloride?

• No HCl production

• Cheaper

• Does not react vigorously with water

Thermal Cracking

• High temp (1000 degrees celsius)

• High pressure (70 atm)

• Produces mostly alkenes

Catalytic Cracking

• High temp (450 degrees celsius)

• Slightly high pressure

• Mostly aromatics

• Fuel for vehicles

Issue combusting impure hydrocarbons

May contain sulphur impurities which produce SO₂ which leads to acid rain

Materials in Flue Gas Desulphurisation

CaO and gypsum

Initiation in Ozone Depletion

O₃ + Cl* → ClO* + O₂

Propagation in Ozone Depletion

• Cl* + O₃ → ClO* + O₂

• ClO* + O₃ → Cl* + 2O₂

Termination in Ozone Depletion

• Cl* + Cl* → Cl₂

Requirement for Free Radical production

presence of UV light

Nucleophilic Substitution

Warm Aqueous NaOH

Haloalkane → Alcohol

Base Elimination

Hot Ethanolic NaOH

Haloalkane → Alkene

Ammonia and Nucleophilic Subsitution

Heat with an excess of ethanolic ammonia

Ammonia acts as a nucleophile then a base

Oxidation of Primary Alcohol

Aldehyde → Carboxylic Acid

Oxidation of Secondary Alcohol

Ketone

Oxidation of Tertiary Alcohol

Not easily oxidised

Test for Aldehydes

Tollen’s Reagent - Produces silver mirror

Fehling’s Solution → blue to brick red

Conditions for fermentation of Glucose

Yeast in anaerobic conditions

35 degrees celsius

Equation for fermentation of glucose

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

Nucleophilic substitution of alkene to make alcohol

High Yield / High Atom Economy

High temp and pressure

Fast

Uses Crude oil

Fermentation of glucose to produce alcohol

15% alcohol in water

Low temp and pressure

Slow

Carbon neutral

Electrophilic Addition: Addition of Sulphuric Acid

Ethene + Sulphuric acid → Ethanoyl Hydrogen Sulphate

Dehydration of Alcohols

Cold water, Warm Ethanoyl Hydrogen Sulphate

Ethane carbocation + Water → Ethanol + Sulphuric acid

Properties of Short Branched polymers

More flexible and less strong

They can not pack as closely together

Weakened Van Der Waals’ Forces

Positive Inductive Effect

The more alkyl groups connected to a carbocation, the more stable it is making it the major product

Alkyl groups push electrons towards the positive cation

Name the structure

Kekule’s Structure

Name the structure

Delocalised Electron Structure

Name the structure

Phenol

Name the structure

Phenylamine

Friedel-Crafts Acylation Catalyst

AlCl₃

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Methanoyl Chloride + AlCl₃ → Methanoyl Carbocation + AlCl₄⁺

Benzene + Methanoyl Carbocation + AlCl₄⁺ → Benzene Acetate + HCl + AlCl₃

Why is adding an acetyl group to benzene useful?

It weakens it making it easier to modify

Conditions of Nitration Benzene

Heat with Concentrated HNO₃ and H₂SO₄

Temperature must be below 55 degrees celsius

Why must the temperature be low for the nitration of benzene

To prevent multiple substitutions

What is Nitrobenzene used for

Making dyes

Making pharmaceuticals

Making explosives

Test for Alcohols

Add acidified potassium dichromate for oxidation (orange → green)

Use fractional distillation to remove the product

Test product for aldehyde or ketone

Test for Carboxylic Acids

Reacts with carbonate ion (CaCO₃) to effervesce and produce CO₂