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War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over trade and impressment. Ended in a draw but showed America’s resolve, gaining respect from Europe.

Battle of New Orleans

Decisive U.S. victory against the British; boosted confidence and nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a draw, restoring prewar borders but ignoring the original grievances.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists from five New England states opposing the War of 1812 and Southern/Western dominance.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 pact limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes; step toward full U.S.-Canada border demilitarization.

Tariff of 1816

First U.S. protective tariff, designed to protect New England manufacturers from British goods after the war.

American System

Henry Clay’s plan: strong bank, protective tariff, and federally funded infrastructure to promote U.S. industry.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of one-party (Republican) rule under James Monroe; masked disputes over slavery, banking, and internal improvements.

Panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis due to overspeculation and Bank of U.S. policies; hurt poorer classes in the West, fueling Jacksonian democracy.

Land Act of 1820

Lowered land prices and banned buying on credit, fueling settlement of Northwest/Missouri Territories and addressing Panic of 1819 causes.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed ban on importing slaves into Missouri and gradual emancipation; rejected by South as a threat to sectional balance.

Peculiar Institution

Common term for Southern slavery; reflected sectional divide as North abolished slavery while South entrenched it further.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement: Missouri = slave state, Maine = free state; slavery banned north of 36°30′ in Louisiana Purchase lands.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Supreme Court case: upheld Bank of U.S. constitutionality, denied Maryland power to tax it, strengthened federal authority.

Loose Construction

Doctrine that federal government may use implied powers not explicitly forbidden by the Constitution.

Cohens v. Virginia

1821 case affirming Supreme Court’s right to review state supreme court decisions in federal law issues.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 ruling: only Congress can regulate interstate commerce, striking down NY’s ferry monopoly.

Fletcher v. Peck

1810 case asserting Supreme Court power to void state laws conflicting with Constitution; strengthened private property protections.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 case protecting Dartmouth’s charter from state interference, safeguarding corporations from state control.

Anglo-American Convention

1818 pact with Britain: U.S./UK share Oregon for 10 years, set Louisiana northern boundary, U.S. access to Newfoundland fisheries.

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 treaty: Spain ceded Florida, set Louisiana Purchase’s southwest border, U.S. abandoned claims to Texas, Spain abandoned Oregon claims.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 statement warning Europe against colonization in Americas; enforced informally by Britain seeking free Latin American trade.

Russo-American Treaty

1824 pact fixing Russian America’s southern boundary at 54°40′ latitude.

Oliver Hazard Perry

(1785–1819) Naval officer whose 1813 Lake Erie victory boosted morale and led to U.S. success at Battle of the Thames.

Francis Scott Key

(1779–1843) Lawyer and author of “Star-Spangled Banner,” inspired by witnessing Fort McHenry bombardment.

James Monroe

(1758–1831) 5th U.S. president; supported tariffs and a national bank, opposed federal internal improvements. Presided during “Era of Good Feelings.”

John Quincy Adams

(1767–1848) Son of John Adams, 6th U.S. president. As Monroe’s secretary of state, shaped foreign policy. Presidency weakened by “corrupt bargain” claims and lack of political skill.