Child Psychology Exam #1

What do Individualistic cultures value?

Independence and self expression

DevelopED countries value?

Individualism

DevelopING countries value?

Collectivism

Evolutionary Psychology

Examines patterns of human functioning and behaviors, and how they have resulted from evolutionary condition adaptations

What do collectivist cultures value?

Obedience and group harmony

Are collectivist and individualistic cultures mutually exclusive?

No

Who proposed basic principles on the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin

The fact that species change through natural selection was proposed by

Charles Darwin

Species change little by little in

the theory of evolution

Young are born with characteristic variations in

The evolutionary theory

Those who are more likely to survive and reproduce are those who’s variations are

Best adapted to the environment

Evolutionary Theory

Humans share a common ancestor with chimps and bonobo’s

The evolutionary line led

from humans to the hominin line

The hominin line evolved into homosapiens and evolved with

Bigger brains and bigger brain capacity

A less mature brain of humans at birth makes for

A longer childhood, extensive brain maturation and learning within local and cultural environments

Natural selection

evolutionary process in which the offspring best adapted to their environment survive to produce offspring of their own

The young of a species are born relatively fast/slow and big/small

Natural Selection

Homosapiens

Species of modern humans

The founder of the child development field

G. Stanely Hall

G. Stanely Hall studied

What children knew entering school around age 7, and their fears

G. Stanely Hall believed

parents and teachers should be used as sources of data

Believing in parents and teachers as sources of data is important in childhood because they

are unreliable and imaginative,

Believing in parents and teachers as sources of data is not useful in adolescents because they

Under report feelings and over report information

Believing in parents and teachers as sources of data is criticized by other psychologists who

favored laboratory observations and viewed parents and teachers as unreliable informants 

Who feared that city life comforts were making children (males) ‘too soft',’ and that it was necessary for development to subject them to rougher conditions (cold baths, boxing, avoiding excess attention")

G. Stanely Hall

Who developed they theory of psychological development

Sigmund Freud

Who noticed patterns across patients, and that they experienced traumatic childhood events

Sigmund Freud

They Psychosexual Theory is driven by

sexual desire

In the psychosexual theory, trauma becomes buried in their unconscious mind and

continues to shape their personality and mental functions even though they have no recollection of it

Psychoanalysis was developed in order to

bring repressed memories into the conscious mind through the discussion about their dreams and childhood experiences

Making repressed memories come to the concious mind would be

enough to heal the patient

Has the psychosexual theory withstood the test of time

No

The Oral Stage

Sexual sensations concentrated in the mouth

pleasure is derived from chewing, biting and sucking in this stage

The Oral Stage

Sexual sensations are concentrated in the anus

The Anal Stage

Sexual sensations become located in the genitals

The Phallic stage

The child experiences incestuous desires for the other sex parent

The Latency Stage

Sexual drive re-emerges but is directed outside the family

The Genital stage

Toddlers derive greatest pleasure from acts of elimination and are fascinated by feces

Anal Stage

Childs sexual desires are focused on the other sex parent

Phallic stage

Fearing punishment, children repress inscestuous desires and identifies with the same-sex parent, and instead focuses on intellectual skills and social learning

Latency stage

The oral stage occurs during

Infancy

The anal stage occurs during

Ages 1.5-3

The Phallic stage occurs during

Ages 3-6

The Latency stage occurs during

Ages 6-Puberty

The Genital stage occurs during

Puberty Onward

Identify the research question

Step #1 of the scientific method

Propose a hypothesis

Step #2 of the scientific method

Choose research design and management

Step #3 of the scientific method

Collect data

Step #4 of the scientific method

Draw conclusions

Step #5 of the scientific method

What is changed or controlled by the researcher, is different for the experimental and control groups

Independent variable

The outcome that is measured to calculate results

Dependent Variable

Large samples and quick data collection, closed (quantitative) and open ended

Questionnaires

Individuality and complexity, qualitative data (observations)

Interviews

Measures actual behavior

Observations

Precise data

Biological measurements

Identifies cause and effect

Experimental research designs

illuminates relations among naturally occurring events

Natural experiments

observing the entire span of daily life

Ethnographic research

Provides Rich and detailed Data

Case studies

shows Statistical relationships between two variables

Correlational studies

examines the relationship between age and other variables

Cross sectional research design

Monitors changes over time

Longitudinal research designs

Sample

People included in a given study

Population

The entire group of people aimed to be represent

Reliability

The extent to which measuring generates consistent results

Getting the same weight on a scale 3 times is an example of

Reliable

Validity 

The truthfulness of a measurement (measures what it claims to measure)

Getting an accurate value of an objects weight with a scale

Valid