Experiment 1 (MICROBIOLAB)

Etymology of microscope

Mikro (Scope)
Scopeos (Aim)

What is microscope

An instrument used to visualize objects not seen by the naked eye

What are 6 main component of microscope

Lens system
Occular
Light source
Framework
Focusing knobs
Stage

Framework includes _____ & _____ which provides structural support for the instrument

base, arm

What is stage

A horizontal platform that supports the sample slide

What components can be found on stage (2)

Stage clip
Stage adjustment knob

What are included in lens system (3)

Oculars
Objectives
Condenser

Why is having an adjustable light source important

optimal image contrast
prevents eye fatigue
maintains correct color fidelity under diff. objective magnifications

Oculars also known as _____ is located at the _____ of the instrument

eyepiece, top

Oculars usually has a magnification of _____ and held by the _____

10x, body tube

True or false. Objectives are attached to a non-rotating nosepiece

False

Objectives are attached to a _____

Nosepiece

4 objective magnifications

4× Scanning objective
10× Low-power objective
40× High-power objective
100x Oil-immersion

Magnification of scanning objective

4x

Magnification of LPO

10x

Magnification of HPO

40x

Magnification of Oil-immersion

100x

The _____ is a specialized lens system located ____ the stage that collects light and directs it onto the slide being studied

condenser, beneath

The _____ found within the _____ is an adjustable aperture mechanism that regulates the exact intensity and spread of light that reaches the slide.

iris diaphragm, condenser

What are 2 focusing knobs

Course adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob

True or false. You only use the course adjustment knob for tiny adjustments

False

The _____ is a small, round knob on the side of the microscope used to fine-tune the focus of the specimen after using the _____

Fine adjustment knob
Course adjusment knob

A _____ on a microscope is a ring located on the _____ that allows you to match the diffference in strength between your two eye

Diopter, Eyepiece

What is total magnification

Total magnification = Power Objective x Power Ocular

What is magnification

Degree of visual enlargment

_____ is a mathematical expression describing how effectively a _____ concentrates light rays from the illumination source onto the specimen

Numerical aperture, condenser

_____ measures the degree to which light rays bend when traveling through medium

Refractive index

True or false. Excessive illumination leads to overexposure meaning lesser contrast

True

Excessive illumination leads to _____ meaning lesser _____

overexposure, contrast

True or false. Higher powered objectives (40x & 100x) require less light than low powered objectives (4x & 10)

False

When using _____, diaphragm must be open all the way to get as much light possible

High-powered objectives

What is working distance

Describes the physical gap between the surface of the objective and the surface of the slide

True or false. Working distance and magnification has an inverse relationship

True

Working distance _____ as you _____ objective magnification

decreases, increase

What is contrast

Difference in intensity between two objects; a specimen and background

Why should we use oil when doing a 100x

To reduce light loss because of refractive index

True or false. Numerical aperture (NA) share inverse relationship with resolution

False

Numerical aperture is the ratio between the _____ to its _____

lens diameter, focal length

3 types of light microscope

Bright-field
Dark-field
Phase contrast

Bright field is best for observing _____, _____, and _____ organisms

Preserved
Unstained
Non-viable

True or false. Bright field is for viewing unstained, live specimen

False

Bright-field uses a _____ image on a _____ background

dark, bright

Dark-field uses a _____ image on a _____ background

bright, dark

Phase contrast records _____ as change in _____

phase shifts, brightness

Electron microscope magnification

4,000x up to 1,000,000x

Transmission electrion microscope (TEM)

Creates a high-definition 2D image of internal cross section

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Creates a high-definition 3D image of cell surface