History Part 2

Who was Francis Bacon?

He was an English philosopher and scientist.

What method did Francis Bacon promote?

He promoted the Scientific Method.

How did Bacon believe people should gain knowledge?

He believed that knowledge came or should come from observation and experiments.

Why was Bacon important to the Scientific Revolution?

Because he helped move science away from relying on power.

Who was Issac Newton?

He was an English scientist and mathematician.

What were Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion?

Three laws that were explanations of how forces affect the motion of objects (ex. air resistance)

What is Newtons law on Universal Gravitation?

That every object attracts every other object through gravity.

Why was Newton important to the Scientific Revolution?

Because he used mathematics to explain natural laws and how the universe works.

What was Issac Newton known for?

For the 3 Laws of Motion and the law of universal gravitation.

What is the Law of Universal Gravitation?

That every object in the universe attracts every other object through gravity.

Who developed the Law of Universal Gravitation?

Issac Newton

What determines how strong gravity is?

The mass of the objects and the distance between them.

What happens to gravity when objects are farther apart?

Gravity becomes weaker.

Why was the Law of Universal Gravitation important?

It helped explain things like why objects fall to the Earth and why planets orbit the sun.

What were philosophers?

They were enlightenment thinkers who used reason and logic to examine society and government.

What did the philosphers believe in?

They believed in reason, progress, freedom, and improving society.

What topics did the philosophers write about?

They wrote about government, religion, education, economics, and individual rights.

How did the philosophers spread their ideas?

Through books, essays, newspapers, and talks.

Why were philosophers important?

Their ideas helped spread enlightenment, thinking, and influenced changes in government and society.

What were philosophers known for?

They were known for spreading Enlightenment ideas through writing and discussions.

Who was Cesare Beccaia?

An Italian enlightenment philosopher who was focused on criminal justice.

What did Beccaria believe about punishment?

That punishment should be fair and proportional to the crime.

What did Beccaria oppose?

Torture and the death penalty.

Why did Beccaria believe about the laws.

Laws should protect people and prevent crime rather than simply punish people harshly.

Why was Beccaria important?

Because his ideas influenced criminal justice systems and laws in Europe and elsewhere.

What was Beccaria known for?

He was known for fair punishment, opposing torture and the death penalty, and reforming criminal justice.

Who was John Locke?

He was an English Enlightenment philosopher who wrote about government and individual rights.

What is Natural Rights?

It is rights that people are born with, life, liberty, and property.

What did Locke believe about governments?

That the government should protect peoples natural rights.

What happens if the government doesn’t protect peoples natural rights?

The people have the right to change or replace the government.

How did Locke influence government?

His ideas influenced democracy, and the American revolution.

Who was Baron de Montesquieu

He was a french enlightenment philosopher who wrote about government.

What did Montesquieu believe about government power?

That the government power should be divided so one person or group cannot have too much power.

What are the three branches of the government?

The Legistlative, Judicial, and Executive.

Why did Montesquieu support seperation of powers?

To create checks, balances, and prevent abuse of power.

How did Montesquieu influence government?

His ideas influenced the U.S. Constitution and its system of government.

What was Rousseau’s Social Contract?

It was the idea that people agree to give some power to the government in exchange for protection and order.

What did Rousseau believe about government?

That government should reflect on the will of the people.

Where does the government get power?

From the people.

What happens if the government doesn’t serve the people?

The people should have the right to change the government.

Why was Rousseau’s Social Contract Important?

It influenced ideas about democracy and popular sovereignity.

What was Rousseau known for?

The social contract, and the idea that the government get its power form the people.

What did enlightenment thinkers believe people should use?

That they should use reason and logic to understand the world, and solve problems.

What did enlightenment thinkers believe about individual rights?

That people are born with natural rights such as life, liberty, and property.

What did enlightenment thinkers believe about government?

That the government should protect peoples rights and serve the people.

What did enlightenment people think about government power?

That power should be limited and divided to prevent abuse.

What did enlightenment thinkers believe people could do if the government was unfair?

People could change or replace the government.

What was Diderot’s Encyclopedia?

A large collection of knowledge and ideas from the enlightenment.

Who created the Encyclopedia?

Denis Diderot and other enlightenment thinkers.

What was the purpose of the Encyclopedia?

To collect and spread knowledge and enlightenment ideas.

How did the Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas?

It made new ideas about science, government, and society available to more people.

Why was Diderot’s Encyclopedia important?

It helped spread Enlightenment thinking through Europe.

What were salons?

They were gatherings where people met to discuss Enlightenment ideas, politics, science, literature, and philosophy.

Where were salons often held.

They were held in homes of the wealthy people, especially in France.

Who attended salons?

The wealthy, and educated women called salonnieres.

What were the Articles of Confederation?

They were the first government of the United States after independence.

When were the Articles of Confederation approved?

1781

What was a major weakness of the Articles?

The national government was too weak, and had limited power.

What couldn’t the national government do after the seperation from Britian?

They couldn’t collect taxes or regulate trade between states.

Why were the Articles of Confederation replaced?

Because leaders believed that the government needed to be stronger, leading to the U.S constitution.

What was the Articles of Confederation known to be?

It was known as America’s first national government but weak central government.

What was Shay’s Rebellion?

It was an uprising of farmers in Massachusetts who were struggling with debts and taxes.

When did Shay’s Rebellion happen?

1786 to 1787

Who led the Rebellion?

Daniel Shay’s who was a former Revolutionary War soldier.

Why did the farmers rebel after the Revolutionary War?

They were angry about high taxes, debt, and losing their farms.

Why was Shay’s Rebellion important?

It showed that the Articles of Confederation created a weak national government and helped lead to calls for a stronger government.

What was the Stamp Act?

It was a British tax on printed materials in American colonies (tea).

When was the Stamp Act passed?

In 1765.

Why did the British create the Stamp Act?

To raise money to help pay Britain debts from the French and Indian War.

Why did the colonist oppose the Stamp Act?

They believed Britain was taxing them without their consent or representation in Parliament.

What happened because of the opposition of the Stamp Act?

Colonist protested and organized groups such as the Sons of Liberty, helping increase tension with Britain.

What was the Stamp Act known for?

For taxing printed materials and increasing colonial resistance to the British rule.

What is a federal system?

A system where power is divided between a national government and state governments.

What powers does the national governments have?

Powers such as making laws, declaring war, and regulating trade between states.

What powers do state governments have?

Powers like running schools, local government and state laws.

Why is power divided in the federal system?

To prevent too much power from being held by one government.

What is an example of a federal system?

The United States uses a federal government.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest where the American colonist dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.

When did the Boston tea party act happen?

December, 16 1773

Why did the colonist do the Boston Tea Party act?

They opposed British taxes on tea and believed that they should not be taxed.

Who organized the Boston Tea Act?

Members of the Sons of Liberty and Samual Adems.

What was the Sons of Liberty?

They were a secret political organization established in the American colonies in 1765 to resist British taxation and fight for colonial rights.

Why was the Boston Tea Act important?

Britain responded with the Intolerable Acts, which increased the tension that helped lead to the American Revolution.

What was the Declaration of independence?

A document that declared the American colonies independent from Great Britain.

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

July 4, 1776

Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

What ideas did the Declaration of Independence express?

Natural rights, equality, and the idea that government get its power from the people.

Why was the Declaration of Independence important?

Because it formally announced the colonies independence from Britain, and explained why they believed they had the right to seperate.

What was the process of the scientific method?

Question, hypothesis, experiment, analyse data, conclusion, communicate results.

What is the Scientific Method?

A step by step process scientist use to investigate questions and test ideas.

What is the 2nd step of the scientific method?

Making a hypothesis.

What is the third step of the scientific method?

Test it with an experiment?

What happens at the end of an scientific method?

To draw a conclusion.

What was the taxation problem before the American Revoluton?

Britain taxed the American colonies to raise money, including taxes on items like tea and printed materials.

Why did colonist oppose British taxes?

They believed they should not be taxed by a government where they had no elected representatives.

Why did taxation become a problem under the Articles of Confederation?

Because the national government couldn’t directly tax citizens, making it difficult to pay it’s debts and expenses.

What happened to taxation after the American Revolution?

The new United States had to raise money itself to pay debts and run the government.

How did the Constitution address taxation?

It gave Congress power to collect taxes for the national government.

How did France help the American colonies?

France provided money, weapons, soldiers, and military support to the colonies.

Why did France help the colonies?

France wanted to weaken Britain, its rival, after losing territory and influence in the French and Indian War.