Unit 1 Bio Test (Mods 0-5)

inductive reasoning

a logical process where specific observations and patterns are used to form a broad generalization or probable conclusion

deductive reasoning

start with general rules and apply them to reach a specific certain conclusions.

Which bond or interaction would be difficult to disrupt when compounds are put into water

covalent bonds between carbon atoms

chemical equilibrium

forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products

What takes place as an ice cube cools a drink

Kinetic energy in the liquid water decreases

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak force between a molecule with partially positive hydrogen atoms and another neighboring molecule with high electronegativity.

What are hydrocarbons?

any organic compound made entirely of two elements: hydrogen (H) and carbon (C)

A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a _____.

surface full of hydrocarbons. This is because hydrocarbons are nonpolar and do not have any charge, which is required for hydrogen bonds.

What are two electronegative atoms frequently involved in hydrogen bonding?

Oxygen and nitrogen

What are the 6 unique properties of water?

Cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, ice less dense, high specific heat, solvent (it can dissolve almost anything)

Difference between adhesion and cohesion

cohesion- water molecules stick to each other, adhesion - water molecules stick to materials other than itself.

What type of bonds give water it’s unique properties'?

hydrogen bonds

Why is water’s specific heat important for living organims?

It is important for living organisms because their cells reject variations in temperature.

What is the polarity of water? and describe how it enables hydrogen bonding

oxygen molecules is negatively charged, hydrogen molecules are positively charged. those regions are attracted to other regions of other molecules with opposite charges

Is water good at dissolving hydrophobic molecules? Why or why not?

No. Hydrophobic molecules are repelled by water. In terms of polarity, nonpolar molecules, which are hydrophobic, do not have regions of positive or negative charges, so they cannot connect to the water molecules, who have sections that are either positively or negatively charged. Due to that, hydrophobic molecules orient themselves in a way that minimizes contact with water molecules.

ACID: Donates or accepts H+?, Numerical range on pH scale, 2 examples

Donates H+, less than 7, lemon juice and vinegar

BASE: Donates or accepts H+?, Numerical range on pH scale, 2 examples

Accepts H+, greater than 7, antacids and baking soda

What is cohesion responsible for?

Surface tension

What is adhesion responsible for?

Capillary Action

Mean, Median, Mode, Range

Mean is the average, median is the middle, mode is the most reoccurring number, range is the difference between the highest and lowest numbers

What are the major elements of life?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What kind of bond bonds H2O?

A nonpolar covalent bond

Place the terms organism, gene, genome, and cell in order from largest to  smallest

Organism Cell Genome Gene

where are the protons, neutrons, and electrons located in the cell

electrons around, protons and neutrons inside

atomic number vs atomic mass vs mass number

Atomic number = number of protons, atomic mass = weight of the element, mass number = total number of protons and neutrons

Difference between 14 N and 15 N?

14 N shows that it has a mass of 14 and has seven neutrons, while 15 N shows that it has a mass of 15 and has 8 neutrons.

Difference in how energy vs matter flows

energy flows in one direction while matter cycles and can be reused.

What is an isomer and what are the different types?

Emergent property — molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
Structural: same formula but different order
Cis-Trans: same formula but different positioning around a double bond
Enantiomers: Same formula, mirror-image positioning about a central carbon

Which atoms are in carbs?

CHO

Monomer of carb

monosaccharide

Example of a polysaccharide

Cellulose

How is celulose linked?

Beta linked (1-4 link of beta glucose monomers/ alternates)

What bonds bond monosaccharides

glycoside bonds (links Hydrogen 1 on one monomer and hydrogen 4 on the other)

How is starch and amylose linked?

Alpha linked (1-4 link of alpha glucose monomers, meaning that carbon 1 is linked to carbon 4 of each glucose monomer)

What is this?

amylose/starch

What is this?

Cellulose

Why is cellulose different from starch/amylose?

Starch is alpha linked, cellulose is beta linked

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Glucose

During dehydration synthesis, what happens?

Water is removed as two molecules are covalently bonded

Why can humans digest starch but generally cannot digest cellulose?

Humans lack enzymes capable of breaking the beta linkages in cellulose

Cellulose is especially important in:

Plant cell walls

Plants primarily store excess glucose in the form of

Starch

Which molecule would most likely be found as a ring-shaped six-carbon sugar?

glucose

Which is NOT one of the three major groups of lipids?

polypeptides

A triglyceride consists of

one glycerol and three fatty acids

a fatty acid consists of

a long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group

esther linkages (—COO-) form when

a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol (happens when fatty acids bind to glycerol to create triglycerides)

Saturated fatty acid

Hydrocarbon chain with no double bonds, butter

unsaturated fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain with double bonds, kink, oil

the amphipathic nature of phospholipids means they

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

steriods are characterized by (add ex)

4 fused carbon rings, cholesterold

what are triaglycerols

glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids

what is glycerol

3-carbon molecule with hydroxyl groups attached to each carbon

function of lipids?

long term energy storage + insulation

function of carbs?

short term energy sotrace, energy source, structural compound

which type of linkage can humans digest?

humans can digest alpha linkage, not beta linkage

What are the atoms for lipids

C,H,O

What are the three main groups of lipids?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Atoms for proteins

C, H, O, N, (sometimes S)

Monomer and polymer for proteins

amino acids, polypeptides

What is the structure of proteins?

Alpha carbon (middle), amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (OH, polar, Oxygen is much more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen), hydrogen (linked to alpha carbon)

Do R groups of basic amino acids gain or lose a proton?

gain (H+)

Do R groups of acidic amino acids gain or lose a proton?

lose (H-)

What makes an amino acid nonpolar?

lots of carbon and hydrogen in the side chain/ rings

what makes an amino acid polar?

lots of electronegative atoms like nitrogen and oxygen

what is a disulfide bond and when is it formed

covalent bond that can connect different parts of the same or different proteins, a disulfide bond forms when two cysteine are close together (S—S)

what bond links amino acids? explain the bond

peptide bonds - links the carbon from the carboxyl group and the nitrogen from the amino group

Directionality of a peptide

N terminus (amino group side) to C terminus ( carboxyl)

What is primary structure?

the sequence of amino acids

What is secondary structure?

Different stretches of amino acids connect

What are the two types of secondary structures?

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

What is tertiary structure?

three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain

What are the interactions/bonds needed to maintain a tertiary structure?

disulfide bridge, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

What is a quaternary structure?

Two or more polypeptide chains

What is the backbone of a polypeptide made up of

a repeating sequence of nitrogen, alpha carbon, and carbonyl atom

Atoms of nucleic acids

C H O N P

Monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

Nucleotides and polynucleotides

what is the function of a nucleic acid

Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A nitrogenous base, pentose (5-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group

What is the directionality of a polynucleotide?

5’ end: end of the polumer that has a phosphate attached to the 5’ carbon sugar
3’ end: end with the hydroxyl group and 3’ carbon sugar

pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil— base with a single ring structure

purines

base with double ring structure, 9 atoms total, 2 nitrogen atoms

DNA

• Deoxyribose sugar

• Directionality applies (one strand one direction, other strand the other direction)

• double strands

• complimentary

RNA

• ribose sugar

• one strand

• shorter length

• protein synthesis

• 2 carbon sugar always has O ONLY

how many bonds does carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen form

carbon forms 4, hydrogen forms 1, oxygen forms 2

When is a biomolecule acidic

when it has a carboxxyl group (— COOH-)

When is a biomolecule basic

when it has a amino group (NH2)