Principles of Biology I: Cells, Genetics, and Evolution Final Exam, MCQ
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Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of energy transformation and pathways in biochemistry?
Glucose is broken down through glycolysis to produce ATP in muscle cells during exercise.
3 multiple choice options
Why is the understanding of carbohydrate metabolism central for treating diabetes?
Because blood glucose regulation depends on how the body processes sugars
3 multiple choice options
A practical example of efficient electron transport and ATP production occurs when _____?
Your muscle cells have sufficient oxygen during aerobic exercise
3 multiple choice options
Most ATP generated during aerobic respiration is produced by _______?
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of ATP synthase in the mitochondria?
Synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient
3 multiple choice options
Which process requires oxygen and produces the most ATP per glucose molecule?
Aerobic respiration
3 multiple choice options
What is the main purpose of chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?
To generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis
3 multiple choice options
Which molecules shuttle electrons between complexes in the electron transport chain?
Electron carriers such as ubiquinone and cytochrome c
3 multiple choice options
In which mitochondrial structure does the electron transport chain primarily operate?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
3 multiple choice options
During electron transport, NADH donates electrons to which complex?
Complex I
3 multiple choice options
Which process directly produces the most ATP during aerobic respiration in human cells?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
3 multiple choice options
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, resulting in the formation of _______?
Water
3 multiple choice options
The creation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is essential for _______?
ATP synthesis
3 multiple choice options
The transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain involves a series of_______?
Redox reactions
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best demonstrates the importance of glycolysis in human muscle cells during intense exercise?
Provides quick ATP without needing oxygen
3 multiple choice options
Which metabolic pathway breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process?
Glycolysis
3 multiple choice options
What is the main function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?
To generate electron carriers for ATP production
3 multiple choice options
Acetyl-CoA serves as a primary entry point for?
Carbon units entering the Krebs Cycle
3 multiple choice options
Which real-life situation depends on lipid metabolism for energy?
A person running a marathon after fasting overnight
3 multiple choice options
Which scenario best demonstrates the importance of fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in the human body?
A person fasting for 24 hours uses stored fats to produce energy and ketone bodies for the brain.
3 multiple choice options
Which molecule produced from carbohydrates and fats can feed into the citric acid cycle or be used to form ketone bodies?
Acetyl-CoA
3 multiple choice options
Which cell organelle is responsible for the majority of fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production?
Mitochondria
3 multiple choice options
Which scenario best illustrates the principles of metabolism and bioenergetics in the human body?
Digesting a meal and converting food to ATP
3 multiple choice options
Which feature of ATP makes it especially suited to serve as the main energy carrier in cells?
Its easily hydrolyzed high-energy phosphate bonds
3 multiple choice options
Which molecule acts as the main energy carrier in most cellular processes?
ATP
3 multiple choice options
Which enzyme is responsible for producing ATP during oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria?
ATP Synthase
3 multiple choice options
Which process is the main source of ATP production in most eukaryotic cells?
Cellular respiration
3 multiple choice options
Why is ATP known as the 'energy currency' of the cell?
It provides energy for cellular activities
3 multiple choice options
The process by which ATP is broken down to release energy involves which reaction?
Hydrolysis
3 multiple choice options
During which stage of cellular respiration is most cellular ATP generated, using energy from electrons passed along the electron transport chain?
Oxidative phosphorylation
3 multiple choice options
Which process describes the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often using ATP?
Phosphorylation
3 multiple choice options
In which process is ATP formed directly by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
3 multiple choice options
How are redox reactions important to the cell's energy currency in metabolism?
They transfer electrons, allowing the generation of ATP from nutrients
3 multiple choice options
In energy metabolism, which molecules act as electron carriers by shuttling electrons between reactions?
NADH and FADH₂
3 multiple choice options
The sign and magnitude of change in free energy (ΔG) during glycolysis indicates _________?
Whether the reaction proceeds spontaneously and the work potential
3 multiple choice options
During glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, which role does NAD⁺ play?
It acts as an electron acceptor and becomes reduced
3 multiple choice options
During the breakdown of fatty acids, what does oxidation refer to?
The loss of electrons from fatty acids
3 multiple choice options
How is redox potential important in metabolic pathways?
It reflects a molecule’s tendency to gain or lose electrons
3 multiple choice options
How are redox reactions important to the cell's energy currency in metabolism?
They transfer electrons, allowing the generation of ATP from nutrients
3 multiple choice options
Which statement best describes the application of thermodynamics in cellular metabolism?
Cells convert energy from one form to another, following the laws of thermodynamics.
3 multiple choice options
Which scenario best illustrates the First Law of Thermodynamics in living cells?
Sugar molecules in food transfer their energy into high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP.
3 multiple choice options
Why does the breakdown of glucose in metabolism support the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
It releases energy and increases overall entropy
3 multiple choice options
How does the Calvin Cycle affect the survival of crops grown indoors under controlled lighting?
It enables plants to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars with the help of ATP and NADPH, even indoors.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the primary function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
Capture of light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
3 multiple choice options
Which statement best describes non-cyclic electron flow in photosynthesis?
Electrons travel from water through both photosystems, resulting in the production of ATP, NADPH, and O₂.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best illustrates the importance of molecular interactions in biological systems?
Enzyme binding to a substrate to catalyze a reaction
3 multiple choice options
Which statement best describes the real-life importance of biological molecules in living organisms?
They are involved in both the structure and metabolic processes of cells.
3 multiple choice options
Cooking an egg hardens the whites chiefly through which process of protein change?
Denaturation
3 multiple choice options
What is a key role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure?
Stabilizing alpha-helices and beta-sheets
3 multiple choice options
Which real-life function do carbohydrates most commonly perform in the human body?
Providing immediate energy
3 multiple choice options
How do lipids assist in practical cellular activities?
Forming membranes that separate cell contents from the environment and store energy efficiently.
3 multiple choice options
An intact membrane structure is essential for cells because it:
Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
3 multiple choice options
Phospholipids are crucial in living cells because they:
Form the double-layer structure of cell membranes
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the main building blocks of biological molecules in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
3 multiple choice options
Which molecules are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA?
Nucleotides
3 multiple choice options
In genetic testing, why is identification of specific nucleotides in DNA important?
Because correct sequence of nucleotides determines heredity and instructions for cellular processes.
3 multiple choice options
Patients lacking this nitrogenous base cannot produce ATP. The missing base is:
Adenine
3 multiple choice options
The fact that the two DNA strands run in opposite 5' → 3' and 3' → 5' directions indicates they are:
Antiparallel
3 multiple choice options
Which statement best describes the primary biological function of DNA?
It stores genetic information in cells
3 multiple choice options
Which feature best describes the double helix structure of DNA?
Two intertwined strands running in opposite directions
3 multiple choice options
In DNA, what is the main role of hydrogen bonding between bases?
Stabilizing the double helix by connecting complementary bases
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a true statement about nucleic acids?
They are polymers that store genetic information
3 multiple choice options
Which base is a pyrimidine found in both DNA and RNA?
Cytosine
3 multiple choice options
What is the main structural role of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA?
Providing structural stability to the DNA strand
3 multiple choice options
Thymine is found in DNA but not in RNA. Which base replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil
3 multiple choice options
Why are non-covalent interactions important in forming biological molecules?
They enable transient binding and reversible reactions such as enzyme-substrate or antigen-antibody binding.
3 multiple choice options
Which biomolecule feature is primarily stabilized by covalent bonds?
The backbone of a polypeptide chain
3 multiple choice options
Why is it important for medical professionals to understand enzyme kinetics in the treatment of diseases?
Enzyme kinetics help determine optimal dosages for enzyme-inhibiting drugs.
3 multiple choice options
A patient is given a drug that binds to the active site of an enzyme, preventing its normal substrate from binding. What type of inhibition is this an example of?
Competitive inhibition
3 multiple choice options
Which statement about Michaelis-Menten kinetics is correct?
The kinetics describe how reaction rate depends on substrate concentration, showing a hyperbolic curve.
3 multiple choice options
In an enzyme-catalyzed lab reaction, which factor most directly changes the reaction rate?
The substrate concentration.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the human body?
By lowering the activation energy for reactions
3 multiple choice options
What is the term for the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction, which enzymes help to lower?
Activation energy
3 multiple choice options
Which part of an enzyme binds directly to the substrate during a biochemical reaction?
Active site
3 multiple choice options
Which enzyme model suggests the enzyme's active site has a rigid structure complementary to the substrate?
Lock-and-Key
3 multiple choice options
Which property describes an enzyme's ability to select and act on only one type of substrate?
Specificity
3 multiple choice options
What is the primary role of vitamins and cofactors in human metabolism?
They assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions.
3 multiple choice options
How does NADH contribute to ATP production in cells?
By donating electrons to the electron transport chain.
3 multiple choice options
In the process of cellular respiration, which function is served by NAD⁺?
It carries electrons during oxidation reactions.
3 multiple choice options
Which real-life application best demonstrates the use of molecular and genetic technologies in biotechnology?
Analyzing DNA to identify genetic diseases
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best illustrates a real-life application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine?
Synthesizing human insulin using bacteria
3 multiple choice options
How is DNA amplification and analysis most commonly used in a clinical laboratory?
Diagnosing infectious diseases by detecting pathogen DNA
3 multiple choice options
DNA sequencing is essential in which scenario?
Determining the exact order of nucleotides in a gene linked to a genetic disorder
3 multiple choice options
Which choice correctly describes a medical application of the polymerase chain reaction?
Amplifying DNA from pathogens to diagnose infections
3 multiple choice options
Which real-life scenario best demonstrates the importance of molecular interactions in a cell?
Enzymes binding to substrates to speed up metabolism
3 multiple choice options
Which scenario best shows the central importance of cell chemistry in everyday life?
New medications altering molecular bonds inside a cell to treat disease
3 multiple choice options
What is the main role of nucleic acids in a cell?
Storing and transmitting genetic information
3 multiple choice options
Which situation best demonstrates the function of nucleotides in cells?
Serving as the building blocks of DNA and RNA
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes why water's polarity is essential for cellular life?
It enables the formation of hydrogen bonds, facilitating biochemical reactions.
3 multiple choice options
Which statement describes a base in biological systems?
It accepts hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions
3 multiple choice options
Which type of chemical bond is primarily responsible for holding the atoms together in a glucose molecule?
Covalent bond
3 multiple choice options
What is a key role of hydrogen bonds in living cells?
They stabilize the structure of DNA and proteins
3 multiple choice options
How do molecular interactions affect enzyme activity?
They help enzymes recognize and bind specific substrates
3 multiple choice options
What defines an organic molecule in cells?
Presence of carbon and usually hydrogen atoms
3 multiple choice options
Why is maintaining a stable pH important for cellular enzymes?
Enzyme shape and function depend on pH
3 multiple choice options
Which real-life example demonstrates cellular energy conversion and metabolism?
A plant using sunlight to make sugars during photosynthesis
3 multiple choice options
Which real-life situation best demonstrates cellular respiration (glucose catabolism) in action?
A person running uses stored glucose for energy to fuel muscle contraction.
3 multiple choice options
What molecule serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, enabling cellular work?
ATP
3 multiple choice options
Which enzyme uses the flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate?
ATP Synthase
3 multiple choice options
Which stage of cellular respiration uses electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to create a proton gradient for ATP production?
Electron Transport Chain
3 multiple choice options